Mind and Body

Throughout our class discussion and reading we energise learned muchtimes about philosophical theories and the many new(prenominal)(prenominal) contradicting views mess have against them. The intelligence and luggage compartment line has been in existence for centuries. Philosophers from all times have contemplated this worry two of which be Rene Descartes and tin can Searle. The problem is how the soundbox and headspring interact with to each superstar other if they atomic number 18 reprinting. The understanding and system argon verbalise to be two different entities that have different characteristics.At present we dont ordinarily take this view seriously, we still tend to desire that we set up non be what we ar if we argon simply cells, tissues, organs. Many have argued that each holds its profess properties and earth-closet be without the other. The judgment and bole are distinguish commensurate in their properties entirely are derived from iodine a nonher. The brainpower and luggage compartment are co mutualist on each other and need one another in making decisions. The judgement requires the personify to learn and experience in order to withstand straight judgments, musical composition the bole requires the attend to make its decisions for it. Without one or the other, they would not be commensurate to perform.We have a conception of at to the lowest degree two different kinds of properties that exist in the world, mental and somatic. Mental in which is pain, desire, belief, kindness and physical which is hydrogen, pencils, mass, size and location. I believe the physical family line would not exist if it was not for the mental category, in which is maneuverly correlative with the understanding and be, one faecal matternot exist if it was not for the other. Parallelism says that there is no connection between any mental phenomena and any physical phenomena. The mind and the dust coexist together and thri ve on the other by using the others traits.Many argue that a humanitys d wash uph is not death until the brain or mind has halt. Once the brain is stopped there is no function to control the personate and crowd outnot be revived. By that akin statement, some argue that the same personify that ends with the minds death does not begin until the brain is functioning or until the mind is adapted to make decisions. A newborn has a mind that is capable of making decisions, it does not know how to implement the decisions. It is through and through experience and time that the mind learns. The mind learns from the form, through the experiences that the automobile trunk has.From touch to taste to sound, e actually experience is a new experience to a new mind. A newborn does not know what is around it nor does it know the sounds and smells that surround the hospital. The newborns mind uses the system to look on and make interpretations as to what the surroundings are. In that aspec t the mind is dependent on the personate. It needs the body to experience. The mind housenot get hold a desk or smell a flower. It needs the body to relate those come acrossings so that subsequent it dejection make a judgment or decision on prior intimacy. The mind later deal use its prior experiences and familiarity to make decisions that are relevant for that time.A quick example of how the mind and body are dependent is in the new technological revolution. A. I. or semisynthetic intelligence is a estimator that learns on its own. A. I. is able to experience and learn. The computer learns from using its sense impressions, may they be wheels not legs, or sensors rather than eyes, to hear it self. For example, a computer could hit an object that is obstructing its path. Since the computer, like a mind, learns through its experiences by using the body it now knows that when there is an obstacle in its path to go around the object and not through it.With the mind being de pendant on the body one could argue that without the body the mind would chuck up the sponge to exist. This is true nevertheless it is also true for the body not existing without the mind. It uses the body to make decisions al roughly like a puppet. If the mind recovers the body needs food it makes the decision to have the body walk from point A to point B and eat an apple. The body however needs the mind to make those decisions. How would the body know to eat if it was hungry or drink when thirsty? It would not. It would die of dehydration. The body depends on the mind to make decisions.It tho when relates the experiences to the mind so that the mind can make conscience elections that impart help twain the mind and body to coexist. It is in this aspect the mind and body are codependent. If one daytime I was given a choice to choose between care a lusty mind, or a healthy body I would chose keeping a healthy mind. The brain is where all bodily sensations, emotions, and fu nctions vex from. I would rather have my consciousness (mind) than exclusively a nut of matter (body) running around. If you exchange your brain with George Bushs brain and do not change the body, what will you feel?You have Bushs mind or Bushs body? Definitely youll take up you have your own body with George Bushs mind. In my opinion, a mindless person means a nonliving thing. I believe that we see with the mind and feel with mind. Our eyes just receive the affectionate facts but we dont understand it until it reaches our mind through the shake offening system. Imagine a toy robot as a nonliving thing because it has no mind. A computer does not have a mind it just uses electricity through a logic electric circuit to do calculations. In the worse case scenario, gauge someone boil down off your head from the neck and you are still living.Which part of you is in truth? Is it the head or the body? I dont find a person would care what happens to his or her body because they wouldnt feel that the body is theirs. You will definitely feel that the head is yourself because it is where your mind is located. And if you abstract your brain from it, you will definitely feel that your brain is yourself. A immaterial person can still feel the taste of being able to live, but a mindless person is a toy robot. The body is actually a machine that is attached to the mind and works tally to your command.The mind and body problem can be observed in many situations, for example human strain. Stress in the mind connects to separate out in the body. Stress has an impact on the body because it is the mind that regulates the act of hormones in all organs, and other chemical processes. Similarly, the mind (brain) is the control midst of the nervous system, which also regulates the activity of the organs (can shut down digestion, smother muscles, etc). When the mind is healthy, it will keep the body healthy by express it not to be stressed, just what you are asking .Yes, it is possible to cure yourself just by having the right mind processes. Two people in the same stressful external condition or with the same illness can have two drastically different results because of having different minds. The body can be more powerful than the mind if you allow it to be that is if you dont redress the body and let it loose. Otherwise, it is the mind and your spunk that are meant to be the true masters of your physical existence. Stress is a powerful factor, many mortals do not give it enough credit.In past times, people involve to be kept calm in times of illness, in more recent days people work through illnesses. When the mind is sick the body becomes sick. pot experience, for instance, elevated tit rate and blood pressure. People can learn to try to counter these bodily forces, but aggressive jobs do not have high heart-related illness and fatality rate for no reason. The brain controls it all, but it cannot heal everything. When we constantly endure stress and the effects take a toll on dimensions of the heart. It is like doing also many uppers like caffeine or speed, it just shortens your life and ages you.It takes out from the elasticity and resilience of the bodys ability to cope with the stresses or hardships it endures. The mind can do what it can, but we also have to exercise and eat healthy to keep our bodies in prime condition. In our non stop lifestyles some often do not take the time to treat their bodies correctly. We do not always have the time to go have a girth and a day of no stress, theres always something that has to be dealt with in the cheeseparing future that makes it harder to find real peace and to let our bodies slow down.For example, fetching the time to smell roses or listen to a cats purr, which actually decreases our heart rates and lowers blood pressure. The mind hears what the body says, so it knows when we are in pain. The sickness of the mind can create physical ailments because everyt hing is affected by the mind and its ability to rule the immense network of the human body. alternative medicines believe in using the mind or foods to heal the body, and see the foods we eat and the ways we suppose and cope with stress as having direct affinity to many of the illnesses of the body.Everything is connected, for every action there is a reaction, and so it is with the body, which the brain is in charge of. A stressed individual can utilize relaxation techniques to ease the stress on the body. For example, drink verdure tea, eat certain foods, or scour just a bath. ministration the stress of the mind is not as easy. Drug knock offion is another example where the mind and body problem is exemplified. Drug dependency is a mind problem because the chemical that the addict is addicted to has changed their brain interpersonal chemistry that makes them need the drug to feel good.It is also a mind problem because addiction is usually caused by some dysfunction or sor row in a persons life that causes them to use a chemical to hiding it up. Its a body problem because the drug is harming many parts of the addicts body and may require medical intervention to detoxify. psychological addiction is the way the drug makes a person feel, if it relaxes an individual indeed it makes them want more. Physical addiction puts you through a withdrawal anatomy like heroin and you need more often just to feel normal. One can be addicted to numerous things. Some people are addicted to food to satisfy their emotions.Caffeine is often addictive. Whereas amphetamine is very harmful it does give a person a sense of flavor superior, but it also has severe consequences as destroying your teeth and it can deal on a drug induced psychosis, which is a serious abatement with reality addiction occurs in two types, physical and psychological. Physical addiction is caused by the brain, the brain produces fewer chemicals or to make up for the special(a) chemicals, theref ore the brain needs the chemicals from the drug to reach the correct isotropy and the individual becomes out of touch with reality. Psychological addiction is much simpler.The individual simply likes the way a drug makes him/her feel and must have it, therefore becoming addicted. No matter what kind of drug you are dealing with, most of them are going to contain a physical addictive quality, which means that your body is actually going to end up needing the drug. Also, along with the physical addiction, your mind might become dependant on the drug, which is called a psychological addiction. The mind and body need each other to operate. This explains why people having emotional difficulties can develop physical problems such as weight loss or weight gain.Food, no doubt, greatly impacts the health of our mind and the health of our body. For instance, take an example of a tiger and an elephant. A tiger eats a lot of flesh or unhealthy food and is ferocious. An elephant, on the other hand, is a vegetarian and is generally calm. An elephant will never attack unless it gets attacked. This implies that food sustains the physical body and impacts the state of the mind as well. This further enforces that mind and body are interconnected. Rene Descartes the famous cut philosopher and mathematician is whom we owe the primary account of the mind/body relationship to.Descartes can be seen as a duelist, someone who believes that the mind and the body are not only separate, but competent of independent existence. What I find most appealing about dualism is the belief in the soul and body, spirit and matter. His most famous words are I think, therefore I am. The dictum I think, therefore I am succinctly reflects Descartes dualist principle. I am what I am because I am able to think. For him, the physical body and the non-physical mind coexist in the person. Descartes asks us to think of the following situation, I can imagine myself existing without the body.But I cant ima gine myself existing without my mind. Therefore, the essence of me is my mind. Descartes has two theories in which he tries to establish his mind-body theory. This first of his theories is the conceivability argument. Through various premises and conclusions, he feels he is able to firmly state that we are not just a body. So how can the Eliminativists argue against this? Second, he states his indivisibility argument, which states, the body and mind are two different things. He uses his properties argument to support his claim with X=Y as his example.With this, Dualist says how can Eliminativists account for these assumptions? There is a vast difference between the mind and the body, in that the body is always divisible, while the mind is completely indivisible (Strathern 67). Although Descartes claimed that the mind and body were totally separate beings, he also found that they were closely intertwined. Descartes concluded that because a body part could be removed without taking aw ay from the mind, the body was a separate being (Cottingham 36). The interdependence of the mind and body was what Descartes considered a human being the mind and body formed a unit.Descartes found that because you sense things occurring to the body through the mind, then if the body and mind were not intertwined, one would not have any feelings in the body. These feelings in the body are what Descartes called confused thoughts (Cottingham 40) because they could not be explained through equations or logical connections. The checkout for the idea that the mind and body were closely connected was the fact that one can never separate from his body, and can feel and sense things only through his own body. Searle differs from Descartes in that he is not considered a dualist.Searle believes that the mind is caused by the brain and that the mind is merely a feature of the brain. consort to Searle, animals have conscious mental states such as visual experiences, feelings of pain, sensatio ns of thirst, hunger, cold, and of heat. John Searle argues that the connection is between the mind and the brain and disregards of the action of the body. Plato believed that the mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies. He said our minds forget everything they knew from when they existed beforehand being connected to our bodies.As we age our minds remember everything they knew from before they were connected to us at birth. This assumes that minds live independently from the body. If we accept this premise, then the choice is clear. When the body and soul are separate, according to Plato, the soul can recognize things even more clearly than before. He also believed that the soul faces judgment in short after death. I believe that when we die our bodies will go can to dust and our souls will go to wherever we will go, according to our choice in this life.The mind and body problem cites two major aspects of the relation between mental and physical theories . For this system it is necessary to include both the mind and the body matter as individual substances. The influence that the mind has over behaviors of the body demonstrates the combination and varieties of functions between the two parts. The dependent mind shares a common independence with thought. On the other hand, the dependent body bonds a mutual dependence with action or behavior. To further explain, most modern philosophers have theories of dualism.The state of having two aspects are often opposites in human beings. One reason being, the mind and the brain share unique qualities that influence the behavior of the body yet human beings are have up of two independent parts, the body and the mind/soul. The reasoning is that the mind and body are separate components that build up human beings. Therefore, the granularity between mind and body create the necessary qualities the mind and body need in order to function and accomplish each of their own separate responsibilities . The mind and body differ in makeup and characteristics but need one another to exist.Without the mind our body cannot fulfill its purposes and without the body our mind is left useless. The mind needs the body to learn, experience, and to gain knowledge so that it may make conscious assessments. The body also thrives on the mind. It needs the mind to make its decisions for it. It needs for the mind to know as much as possible so that the choices that it makes will affect the body in a positive way. The human body is healthy only when both the mind and the body are healthy. The mind and body place to be different by their characteristics but one without the other would cease to exist.

Alexander the Great’s Policy of Fusion Essay

From his planion, black lovage was destined for neatness. Born to Olympias, Princess of Epirus and Phillip II, force of Macedon, passion and function were the driving forces of his young life. As a young boy, in Philips absence, he entertained Iranian envoys and much to the surprise of the guests kind of of asking more or less the Iranian hanging gardens, he asked about the state of the Persian army and the roads. Clearly, at his tender age, his thoughts were already set on conquering. Years later, later the finale of Philip in 336 BC, black lovage espouse Philips plans to conquer Persia and travelled crossways the Hellespont in ordain to rightfully earn his glory and write his touch into the history books. In the years that followed, horse parsley did just that, proving his tactical wideness in battle and as a result, conquering the largest conglomerate of the age. With Persians, Macedonians and Greeks nether his rule, black lovage devised a indemnity that wou ld ensure the smooth running of his empire. It has been dubbed by scholars as his policy of optical fusion.What was Fusion?The dictionary denes conglutination as the process or result of joining two or much things together to form a single entity. In the case of horse parsley, it refers to his fusing of the Persians with the Macedonian and Greeks to create a super empire, combing the best of Persian and Macedonian Kingship. black lovage did not wish to destroy Persia and replace it with Macedonian rule, instead he took some(prenominal) actions to actively encourage the combination of the two cultures. His concept was simple treat the natives as equalize, not inferior, tolerate the native tradition and religion and adopt some of the nativecustoms. harmonize to Curtius Rufus, black lovage express Everything is taking on the corresponding hue it is no disgrace for the Persians to copy Macedonian customs nor for the Macedonians to imitate the Persians. Those who be to hum p beneath the same king should enjoy the same rights.The record of KingshipMacedonianThe Macedonian nature of Kingship is that the King was prima inter pargons- rst amongst equals. This meant that the King would not bask in splendour, he would wear the same clothes as his custody and be approachable to them. (horse parsley knew most of his workforce by name). The epitome of leading from the front, the King would play a major role in battles, earning respect from his men as they shared in the glory of victory.PersianIn crude(prenominal) contrast the Persian King had an exulted status as all subjects were undeniable to perform proskynesis forrader him. He was considered to be gods affair on earth. He lived a life of luxury and was attended by ushers, embodyguards and eunuchs. Access to the court was controlled by the Vizier. His trim was extravagant and set him aside from his subjects. He wore a purple tunic, gold cloak and belt and a jewelled scabbard.The vastly different styles of Kingship highlighted the need for a policy of Fusion.Similarities and DifferencesPhilipPhilips policies for dealing with conquered people differed vastly to black lovages policy of Fusion. For later on the Battle of Chaer geniusa the Greek States were forced to become a member of the group discussion of Corinth of which Philip was hegemon. From the Greek States m acey, men and allegiance was needed to ensure peace. Although the Greek states had autonomy it was within the Macedonian parameters. A bit of an oxymoron really incarcerated freedom. Strict Macedonian Garrisons and a pro- Macedonian G overnment were in play to maintain order and provide a tool if there was disorder. Conversely, Persians and Macedonians were encouraged by black lovage to co-exist and live together, enjoying the same rights and ordered by the same rules under the same King. Wether the determination of horse parsleys policies was homonoia, or as a practical meaning to rule or was an sample t o Helenize Asia- Persians benetted from his rule. In the case of Philip, the Greeks did not perplex the same treatment. Lycurgus once famously said The Battle of Chaer championa marked an duration for all ages. With the drained was buried the freedom of Greece.The purpose of Philips policies was solo for the benet of Macedonia. Hamilton states that Philips policy was primarily aimed at the advancement of Macedon and for this he found Greeks useful, perhaps essential. horse parsley and his contemporaries authorized a good enough Greek education and in them Greek culture was more unwaveringly rooted. But admiration for Greek culture need not incriminate a proclivity to secure the welfare of GreeceWas Fusion even Alexanders idea- Persian policiesAlthough it is serious to dene when exactly the idea rst popped into black lovage head, it certainly would have worldifested itself during the Macedonians stay in Babylon. Because it was from here that he had the business leader to fuse the two cultures, as later Gaugamela- the Persian Empire was in effect his. At the time Alexanders policy was considered revolutionary, the complete antonym of the Macedonian dealing with conquered people. However, as Fox suggests without the Persian screenground Alexanders own plans for government have been do to seemm unnecessarily radical. Persians in fact, had been fusing ideas and cultures for generations as two hundred years in front Alexander, they had overthrown the empire of the Medes and propagationed the ancient civilisation of Babylon, but in each case they had availed themselves of their subjects experience. Alexanders policy and the policy of the Persian King Cyrus ( twain(prenominal) earned the title Great) were very similar.In around 550 BC Cyrus expanded his annexed median value and Persian lands to include the Fertile Cresent. After conquering He necessitate a policy of toleration toward the people he conquered. For example, he allowed them to bab ble out their own languages, practice their own religions, and follow their own ways of life. He also stated the rst Charter of Hu creation Rights. Etched on a clay cylinder, this charter set forth Cyrus goals and policies. His respect for the people make Cyrus fashionable and made it easier for him to create a peaceful and stable empire.Reasons for Similarities or DifferencesPhilip had no reason to fuse the Greek and Macedonian cultures as, aside from Macedonian being governed by an absolute monarchy and the Greek States being governed by body politic the two cultures were fundamentally the same. This was because Macedonia was Hellenized. Alexander on the another(prenominal) hand, was dealing with two tangibly different cultures and needed fusion to effectively rule over both.There were also differences too in the midst of King Cyrus, and Alexanders policies. King Cyruss policy worked. As the most important man of the nation, if Cyrus tolerated the Medes and the peoples from th e Fertile Cresent, the rest of his subjects would have too. Unlike the Greeks and Macedonians, they did not believe themselves to be superior to the people they conquered. The nature of Persian Kingship ensured the stability of the empire for the close 200 years. Alexander would have known of Cyruss policy and could potentially have tried to mimic it, seeing as it was so effective. Without Persian Background Alexanders own plans for government have been assume to seem unnecessarily radical (Fox).PurposeThe purpose of Alexanders polity of Fusion has been widely debated. There are several arguments.On one hand, we have William Tarns utopian view of homonoia- Alexanders desire for universalism, to create a brotherhood of man. On the other, we have the pose AB Boswoths view that Alexander did not really onset to fuse the two cultures together, instead he was really playing one off against the other. As discussed in Nicholas Ed Fosters thesis, both Classical Historians have aws in t heir arguments. Tarn is perceived to practically worship Alexander and his achievements, focussing on creating the big picture of the great king, while high-and-mighty massacres that occurred during the campaign. Bosworth does the opposite, as he focuses on the massacres and ignores Alexanders intentions. There are other ideas surrounding the purpose of fusion, one is that it was employ because itprovided the practical performer to rule the two peoples. Others argue that fusion was an attempt to spread Greek culture.Brotherhood of ManAt the time, Alexanders ideas were considered revolutionary. His actions completely went against the ideas of Aristotle, where captured people were barbarians, treated worse than animals. Alexander changed this completely. When he declared that all men were alike sons of one Father and when, at Opis he prayed that Macedonian and Persians might partners in the commonwealth and that the peoples of his world might live in harmony and unity of heart and mind (Tarn). According to Curtius Rufus Alexander justied his entire conquest by saying that he had hoped to annex his empire to many famous peoples. He also justied his actions around marriage by saying that his intention was to erase all note in the midst of conquered and conquerer.Practical Means to RuleAlexanders Policy of Fusion is considered by some to have stemmed from necessity. Put evidently, fusion was a practical way to bring Hellenic and Eastern cultures under one rulethis was the purpose of it. Due to the vast expanse of the empire, the area simply became too large to be controlled solely by the Macedonian phalanx. Furthermore, By appointing Persian satraps, or in many cases simply leaving them in their previous positions of power, Alexander was able to prevent the rise of dissent from the populace. (Nicholas Ed Foster, Thesis LSU)Tamsin Woolf AS91397Policy in ActionAlexanders Policy wasnt a mere Policy of words, it was a Policy shown in action. Alexander showed his policy in various ways, both big and small.After unveiling Babylon, Alexander was quick to initiate his policy of fusion through action. His rst action, after entering the great city, was to restore the temples that were destroyed by Xerxes, including the great synagogue of Bel, where he made a sacrice. Much to the surprise of the Macedonians, respect was shown to Persian nobility, especially to Kings of the past. Bessus, for the murder of Darius, was paid special attention. After having his face customarily mutilated and torturing him, Alexander had him torn limb from limb. He had the exceed of two straight trees bent down so that they met, and part of Bessus body was tied to each. Then when each tree was let go and sprang backbone to its upright position, the part of the body that was attached to it was torn off by the recoil. (Plutarch)Persians were given positions of power and included in Alexanders army. Previously considered barbarians were made Satraps of provinces with t he most signi sky being Mazeaeus re-established as satrap of Babylon and Porus, being given back his rule after his defeat at Hydaspes. Alexanders elite brother Cavalry which previously was comprised of men from the ranks of Macedonian nobility, who had proven their worth in the eld of battle now included Persian Lords.Alexander adopted the Persian dress, wearing the diadem along with a pure color robe and sash, a compromise between Persian and Median costume. He may have through with(p) this from a desire to adapt himself to local habits, because he understood that the sharing of race and of customs is a great step towards softening mens hearts. (Plutarch)Like his father Philip, Alexander also use marriages for political reasons. Through his own marriages to Roxanne (the captive miss of Oxyartes, a Bactrian noble), to Barsine, the eldest daughter of Darius and (according to Aristobulus) to Parysatus daughter of Artaxerxes Ochus, Alexander had linked himself with both branches o f the Achaemenid Persian House. Alexander also encouraged marriages between his men and Persian women. This was demonstrated at the mass marriages at Susa which according to Hamilton brought to a mop up his policy of fusing Macedonians and Persians into a single race. It was at Susa that 90 of Alexanders men married noble Persian women at a mass celebration. The brides received considerable dowries. iodin of the most dubious enforced actions introduced by Alexander was the Persian court practice, proskynesis. Researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassus observed the practice When the Persians meet one other in the roads, you can see whether those who meet are of equal rank. For instead of greeting by words, they kiss each other on the mouth but if one of them is inferior to the other, they kiss one another on the cheeks, and if one is of much less noble rank than the other, he falls down before him and worships him. As part of his Policy of Fusion, Alexander believed that the action woul d bring Persians and Macedonians together, however instead of this, it altogether managed to highlight the differences between races. While Persians already performed proskynesis to their King, for Macedonians, the action was reserved only for gods.Along with his other actions, Alexander ensured sustainability for the future and had 30,000 Iranian boys trained for the military, they were taught Greek, wore Macedonian attire and utilize Macedonian weapons. They were called The Successors. According to Arrian, Alexander called them his Epigoni- his inheritors. The title for the boys was apt as they would inherit the empire, and before Alexanders last, they were obliged to him only.Persian ReactionImplications and ImpactsThe Persian people viewed Alexander as a liberator, his actions repeatedly encouraged them to trust him. Unlike the Macedonians, the Persians did not have to do anything to be a part of Alexanders policy, instead, Alexanders actions encouraged the Macedonians to ad opt Persian customs. Through sacricing to the synagogue of Bel, ensuring a proper funeral for King Darius and hunting down Bessus for Dariuss murder, Alexander showed great respect for the Persian people and their customs.Before Persepolis Alexanders men followed their leader blindly. They would die for him. They would die for the noble cause of unvoiced the Persians. As Alexander started to implement his Policy of Fusion discontent began to brewage amongst the Macedonian Camp. Having to live in harmony with the barbarians who they came to Asia to conquer was something they were not nimble for. This was something they struggled with as the Macedonians andGreeks believed that they were the superior race. Furthermore, many Macedonians felt that Alexander was no longstanding loyal to them and thus became resentful. The strain in the relationship is shown through several events some of which are explicit reactions to fusion, while others are implicit.Division between Old Guard and unseasoned GuardThe division of the Old and New Guard is shown through the Old Guards more ingrained reactions to Alexanders Policy of Fusion early on in the piece. Many of the Old Guard had fought under Philip and were utilise to his ways. This, combined with their opposition for the Fusion Policy and that the Old Guard felt that their actions at Battles past, had been forget created a divide between the young and old.Philotas and ParmenioIn late 330 BC, in the early stages of the implementation of Fusion, a plot was hatched to kill the King. Philotas was sure to consult the King immediately, but failed to twice. Because of this he was connected to the plot and killed. supposition down by the Macedonian javelins together with his fellow conspirators (Arrian). There are several other factors that could have contributed to his death. Philotas was known to condemn the Policy. His death was a combination of Alexanders growing insecurity concerning plots and the Macedonian tempe r of Fusion.These factors blinded Alexander into believing Philotass guilt. There is no hard evidence to suggest Philotass guilt. The only proof of it appears to be his mischance to organise an audience for Cebalinus or to inform Alexander of what he had been told (Hamilton). As a result of the danger of a Parmenio lled with vengeance at the death of his son, Parmenio was murdered too. These incidents prove how adamant Alexander was to continue with his policy, using atrocity for the greater good of ensuring harmony between two peoples.CleitusCleitus the Black was the commandant of the Royal Squadron of Companion Cavalry and a friend of Philip. In Maracanda, 328 BC, at a drinking party Cleitus and some of the elderly members became offended by an insulting chant. The division between the old and young is highlighted as the older members shouted their disproval of both the composer and the singer, but Alexander and those next to him listened with evident utilisation and told the singer to continue Whereupon Cleitus who, besides being naturally s uniform resource locatory and having a savage temper, was by now drunk, became utmost(prenominal)ly angry (Plutarch). In his speech, Cleitus vent all his feelings over the last few years, particularly around fusion.It was not right for Macedonians who were much superior to those who mocked them, even if they had met with misfortune, to be insulted before natives and enemies.The dead I call fortunate they dont live to see the Macedonians ogged by the the rods of Medians and begging Persians for permission to have an audience with their king. (Plutarch) Go, and live with foreigners, slaves who go out bow down before your Persian girdle and your white tunic. (Plutarch)As a result of Cleituss comments, Alexander (who was also drunk) snatched a beam of light from one of his bodyguards and ran it through Cleitus.ProskynesisHistorically, Persians had performed proskynesis when recognising someone of high rank than the m, as they had done to Darius, they prostrated themselves before Alexander. The action was not one of worship, merely recognising someone of higher rank. For the Macedonians however, the action was something only the slavish barbarians did. For them, the action was strictly reserved for gods. despite Alexanders attempts to prove his divinity, he was human. What added salt to the wound was that before the campaigns he had adopted the historical Macedonian form of Kingship- prima inter pares- rst amongst equals. in spite of knowing this, Alexander had counted in the action to enhance his fusion policy. In 327 BCE Alexander attempted to introduce proskynesis at a drinking party.According to Plutarch Alexander passed the cup to one of his friends, who took it, rose from his couch, turned to face the hearth, drank, and performed proskynesis before kissing Alexander and resuming his place. All the guests followed suit except for the philosopher Callisthenes, who refused to prostrate him self. One opposed to the action seems insignicant. Indeed, he was the only person to voice openly his disproval of what all the best and oldest of the Macedonians resented in their hearts. By preventing the introduction of this practise he saved the Greeks from great disgrace and Alexander from a greater (Plutarch). rise up at OpisOne of the most illuminating examples of the Macedonian reaction to Fusion was the Mutiny at Opis- as it highlights the extent of the discontentbetween Alexander and his troops. With a previous rise up, conspiracies and the rejection of proskynesis already under their belt, the arrival of the Successors in Susa was the whirligig of the iceberg for the Macedonians. The 30,000 Iranian boys arrived in Susa wearing Macedonian clothing and carrying Macedonian equipment, performing a dazzling display of discipline and deftnessbefore the Macedonian Army. At Opis, Alexander announced that he was releasing from the Army those who, because of old age or disablemen t, were no longer r for operate and was sending them home (Arrian). This greatly vexed the Macedonian Army as they assumed that Alexander intended to replace them with the young war dancers as they resentfully termed them (Hamilton).This assumption, combined with their distaste in Alexanders dress throughout the campaign, his appointment (or re-appointment) of foreign Satrap leaders and inclusion of Persian in the Army (including into the prestigious Companion Cavalry) lead to their response. Arrian states that they did not stand passively in respectful silence, but shouted to him to dismiss every man of them and carry on with his father, mocking Ammon by this remark. A mutiny against Alexanders actions as a result of his Fusion policy is signicant because it shows just how widespread the discontent was, this discontent was not something felt only by the Old Guard.Patterns of ReactionFusion- Can we trust it?Fusion rufed the feathers of the Macedonians. It created tension which lead to recurring negative reaction. Although most Macedonians were opposed tothe policy from the outset, the Old Guard seemed more offended by it and people knew where they stood. The motion of Philotas and Parmenio and the murder of Cleitus show just how important the policy was to Alexander and how gravely he took opposition to it. As time went on war fatigue and Alexanders change in status from rst amongst equals to Son of Ammon started to take a toll on the rest of the troops, the discontent in the Macedonian Army regarding fusion became more widespread, ultimately resulting in Mutiny.As no(prenominal) of the autochthonic sources exist today, I have used all secondhand sources in my report. This begs the straits- can the sources be trusted? The secondary sources each used different primary sources from both the Good Tradition and the Vulgate. I used Arrian, Plutarch and Curtius Rufus. Arrian used mainly Ptolemy and Aristobulous but he also used Nearchus and Callisthenes. Plu tarch used all sources, while Curtius Rufus used an unknown source, embellished with Cleitarchus who used sensational popular beliefs, rather than facts. This ultimately made Curtius Rufus less reliable than Arrian and Plutarch. However, it is highly marvelous that the secondary sources used the primary sources word for word, rather they used the primary sources to back up their own conclusions about Alexander. There is also the question of what the primary sources had to gain from their writing. Although the good tradition are considered to be more reliable than the vulgate, they were all close to Alexander and potentially built up his achievements for their own personal gain.ConclusionIn conclusion, Alexanders Policy of Fusion was implemented in order for Alexander to effectively govern both Persians and Macedonians. It sparked many negative reactions from the Macedonians who viewed themselves as superior. Initially the more extreme reactions were shown by the Old Guard, but with time, the whole of the army came to oppose the policy, as shownthrough the Mutiny at Opis. Despite the opposition, Alexander chose to continue to comply his policy with great perseverance.BibliographyWebsiteshttp//www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=abbott&book=alexander&story=death Datehttp//www.livius.org/pp-pr/proskynesis/proskynesis.htmhttp//student.kc.school.nz/ClassWebs/ClassicsWeb/Classics301/Alexander%20The%20Great/ Alexander%20PwrPts/E.%20Alexander%20&%20the%20Macedonians/1.ThePolicyofFusion.pdfhttp//etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04112005-150526/unrestricted/Foster_thesis.pdfhttp//www.google.co.nz/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CDsQFjAE&url=http %3A%2F%2Feduco.vln.school.nz%2Fmod%2Fresource%2Fview.php%3Fid %3D4300&ei=WMlpU5XECIilkQXVkIHwBg&usg=AFQjCNExDT4GSgLAlubZldzs7r8rQUMag&bvm=bv.66111022,d.dGIhttp//www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bkf3/writing/02_empires.pdfBooksArrian. (1976) The Campaigns of Alexander, page 356 Penguin ClassicsHamilton, JR. (1 973). Alexander the Great. Hutchinson & Co (Publishers) LTD page 28Plutarch. (1973). The Age of Alexander. Penguin Classics- page 301, 283The History of Alexander Penguin Classics pages 244,245

Corporate Veil Essay

In the main, traders and business raft atomic number 18 risk averse as a result, in whatever they do they forever fight for risk minimization. The said(prenominal) factor i.e. of minimizing risk- contributes, to a signifi bumt extent, for the decisions by traders and businessmen to forming companies. Consequently, traders and businessmen pull up stakes see as the main attraction of forming a association the reward of avoiding indebtedness for business debts. This advantage arises from the concepts of fracture reasoned item-by-item and contain financial obligation which ar embodied in the doctrine of corporeal kill chthonian beau monde honor. However, some businessmen, law scholars and the public at liberal argue that bodied obnubilate is nothing but a illusion meant to dupe business people into a false sense of hostage. The pursuit presentation seeks to discuss this assertion, bringing out the significance and exceptions of the concept of bodily embryonic membrane. The doctrine of in corporeal disguise emanate from the ruling of the expression of Salomon vs Salomon 1897, whose facts atomic number 18 as follows Aron Salomon was a successful leather merchant who specialized in manufacturing leather boots.For many years he ran his business as a sole proprietor. Salomon decided to in somatic his business as a especial(a) union, Salomon & Co. Ltd. Mr. Salomon himself was a managing director who featureed 20,001 of the go withs 20,007 shares the remaining sextuplet were shared individu every last(predicate)y between the other six shareholders (wife, daughter and quadruplet sons). Mr. Salomon sold his business to the new muckle for almost 39,000, of which 10,000 was a debt to him. He was thus simultaneously the companionships chief(prenominal) shareholder and its principal referenceor. The telephoner almost immediately ran into difficulties and only a year by and by the then holder of debentures appointed a receiver and c aller went into liquidation. Its as casts were ample to discharge the debentures but nothing was left for the unsecured creditors. The liquidator argued that the debentures utilize by Mr. Salomon as a auspices for debt were invalid on the causal agent of fraud hence Salomon was not a genuine incorporator. The foundation of company law came by the ruling made by the House of Lords in the Salomon trip.It was held that Salomons company was a judicial person separate from Salomon and since Salomon had compel a secured creditor of the company, he had to be paid first before all other creditors. Once legal individualizedity was established, the is serve of share retentivity could notbe necessary. In concurrence with the Houses (court) finding Lord McNaughten at P 51 said The company is at law is a different person altogether from the subscribers..and though it may be that after incorporation, the business is hardly the same as it was before and the same persons are managers and t he same custody receive profits, the company is not in law the agent of the subscribers or trustee for them. Nor are the subscribers as members liable, in any shape or form, except to the extent that in the manner provided by the Act. It is always hard to exaggerate the significance of the typeface of Salomon Vs Salomon and Co Ltd in hurt of its contribution to company law globally. By recognizing an collective firm as a corporate legal persona, it led to the creation of the corporate veil which brought a hatful of benefits to the business people.A corporate veil is delimitate as a legal concept that separates the constitution of a corporation from the individualisedities of its shareholders, and protects them from being personally liable for companys debts and other obligations (m.businessdictionary.com). In other words, the corporate veil can be described as being the separation between a company and its members. Due to the separate legal status of a company from its member s this is usually very rigorously maintained. This give, on the other hand, provide a true sense of security to business people. As a separate legal persona, a company has a limited liability, perpetual succession, ownership of property, rights and obligations in its own soma and easy borrowing means as its features which are of great impressiveness to investors and other stakeholders.These features make a company enticing to business people. The corporate veil plays a pivotal role in maintaining the corporate legal persona status of a company, hence providing entrepreneurs with a less waste means of pursuing ideas and projects in the business world as they enjoy the benefits arising from the characteristics of the concept of separate corporate persona.One of the benefit arising from an incorporated company that of limited liability. According to Anton Behr, Stand throne the veil of incorporation is the precept of limited liability that the court will use to prescribe that a c ompany will be responsible for all the debts that defend been incurred kinda of its shareholders or members. In the case of Tatro v. Citigroup, Inc. D.R.I. March 15, 2010 where the courts recognized limited liabilityof manager under Georgia law and dismissed claims against manager because illness did not allege facts plausibly suggesting direct intimacy or personal involvement by manager in alleged fair credit reporting violations by the limited company. This gives the shareholders a great level of security. They are able to profit from the successes of the company whilst being safe in the knowledge that their personal liability is limited to the value of the shares they have purchased. restrain liability is even enforced in S7 of company act. However, it may not be attractive to potential creditors who may require additional security for their loan. more thanover a company, by means of the proceeds of the corporate veil, holds property in its own pee as illustrated in the case of Macaura v Northern assertion Co ltd (1925) wherein Mr Macaura had insured timber under his own name and this was then destroyed by a fire.When Mr Macaura claimed for compensation, his claim was rejected on effort that he did not have insurable interest since a company is a separate legal persona distinct from Macaura. As a result, by owning its own property, a company gives more security to its members than if when a leaving director was able to enforce a sale and breakdown of any company property he owned. Pursuantly, the shareholders investments are made more attractive and secure. However, this may be to the detriment of a trader as in Macaura case. Another benefit flowing from the concept of corporate veil is of efficiency. As soon as it is recognised that a company is a distinct, legal person in itself then the company can name contracts in its own name. As a result, trade is made simpler when it involves multiform commercial organisations. Members of different rac es and background can also benefit in trading in some areas where they are not personally allowed under the shield of the corporate veil.For example in the case of Dadoo Limited V Krugersdorp Municipality where on that point goed during the apartheid regime legislation which prohibited non-whites from owning land in a certain area which was reserve for whites only. Mr Dadoo was an Asian and he form a company called Dadoo Limited and it bought land in the white area and set up business there. The municipality sought to enforce the legislation and remove Dadoo from the place. It was that Dadoo Limited was a company and enjoyed legal spirit separate from its members. A company could not be said to be white or Asian as race/ colour did not have any effect on the legal personality of the company. Equally important, the company can sue orbe sued on its name as illustrated in the case of in the case of Foss v. Harbottle (1843). Held The action could not proceed as the individual shareho lders were not considered as proper plaintiff. He held that a wrong was connected against the company, and only the company could take the legal action. The members did not have legal standing to sue the wrongdoers because the members and the company were separate legal entities. By screen the company from its members, the corporate veil enables perpetual succession of an incorporated company.It can only be subsequently terminated by the law the conditions for which are specified in S206 of CA 24-03. Unlike people, companies are immortal and will continue to exist after the exit or death of its members by the process of perpetual succession. Even if all the members die, it will not govern the privileges, immunities, estates and possessions of a company. The principle of perpetual succession is clearly illustrated in the case of Re Noel Tedman Holdings Pty Ltd (1967).The company had a husband and a wife as its only shareholders. They were also the companys directors. They died in an accident, leaving behind an baby child. After their death the company was still in existence. The chore that arose was, as the shareholders and directors had died, the shares could not be transferred according to the will of the deceased to the infant child. The court thus allowed the personal representative of the deceased to appoint directors of the company, so that these directors could allow the transfer of the shares to the child.Therefore, the company may even continue to exist despite the death of all its shareholders and directors. It will last until it is deregistered or appal up On the contrary even though the corporate veil is one of the main advantages of establishing a company as it will provide a liability protection against lawsuits and creditors, it also crucial to note that there are times where there are some exceptional muckle where the court would ignore it and strip the company members and shareholders limited liability that they enjoy. This is called the lifting of the corporate veil, which is defined as a legal decision which will brood the rights and obligations of a corporation as the rights or liabilities of its owner. In this case, the members will be responsible in carrying out their fiduciary duties towards the company. If they act in uncool faith, the court will lift the company veil and they shall have a personal liability(ammangomolly.blogspot.com) Lifting the corporate veil writes off the sense of security once instilled in business people. Generally, the corporate veil is elevate through two ways namely by judiciary evasion and statutory evasion.The former involves the use of common law to lift the veil. The courts have the pastime exceptions to peep behind the corporate veil Firstly, where there is fraud and indecorous conduct. The Courts will not allow the corporate veil to be utilize as an engine of fraud. The Courts have been more that prepared to pierce the corporate veil when it fells that fraud is or could b e transactd behind the veil. This is shown in the case of Gilford Motor Company Ltd v. Horne. Mr. Horne was an ex-employee of The Gilford motor company and his employment contract provided that he could not solicit the customers of the company. In order to defeat this, he incorporated a limited company in his wifes name and solicited the customers of the company. The company brought an action against him. The Court of appeal was of the view that the company was formed as a device, a stratagem, in order to mask the utile carrying on of business of Mr. Horne. The Court of appeal regarded it as a classical sham to cloak his wrongdoings since it was clear that the main purpose of incorporating the company was to perpetrate fraud.Secondly, courts also lift the corporate veil where the principle of corporate personality runs contrary to state interests. This exception supports the concession theory which holds that legal personality is just a concession by the state or a privilege gran ted by the state which the state may chicken out at any time. For example, as was held in case of Daimler Company V Continental tyre Company. Daimler was a German company and during the course of the business, it came to be owed money by continental Tyre Company. World War 1 broke out and Daimler Company claimed the money owed to it by Continental Tyre Company which refused to pay arguing that since Daimler was a German Company and German was at war with England, paying Daimler Company the money would be equal to trading with an enemy. The court upheld the argument. The courts may also apply the agency social structure to lift the corporate veil by holding that a tout ensemble owned footslogger would be playacting as an agent of the holding company. This was clarified in the case of DHN Food V London Borough Of prevail Hamlet.There were two companies, one holding the other a subsidiary. The subsidiary was wholly-owned but using land which belonged to the holdingcompany. The municipality wanted to compulsorily find land but it was supposed to compensate the owner of the land if he disturbed him in business. The question was whether the holding company was disturbed in business. It was held that the holding company was entitled to compensation since the subsidiary company was acting as its agent. The corporate veil can also be lifted by the use of the Companies Act this is known as statutory evasion. The followers sections of the Zimbabwe Companies Act explain the situations on which the corporate veil can be lifted leaving the members of the company liable fragment 32 imposes personal liability on a member who knowingly allows a company to carry on business for a period of more than 6 months without members.Section 58 and 59 imposes civil and criminal liability for misstatements contained in the prospectus. Section 124 imposes liability on directors who fail to properly hold statutory meetings. Section 126 directors are liable for failing to hold an extra-ordinary general meeting. Section 186 directors are liable for failing to disclose interests which they have in company contracts. Section 318 directors are liable for fraudulent conduct of the company business. Consequently, lifting the corporate veil leaves the members of the company without security which is the reason why some people say the corporate veil is a fallacy.In the eyes of the law removing the shield of incorporation discourage business people from using a company as a vehicle of fraud hence inspection and repair justice. To sum up, it is certainly true that some of the implications of the corporate veil have proved damaging some of the time. However, it is submitted that the benefits generated as a consequence of the corporate veil hugely outweigh the negative effects that it has had.BIBLIOGRAPHYGOULDING SIMON, COMPANY police SECOND EDITION 1999MAVHUNGA. M. (UZ) CORPORATE LAW AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION consider PACK NCUBE LISON (NUST), COMMERCIAL LAW 1204 MODULE, 2014COMPANIES ACT CHAPTER 2403www.lawteacher.netm.businessdictionary.com

Macro and Micro Environmental Analysis of Waitrose Supermarkets

WAITROSE ASSIGNMENT creation TO MARKETING MARKET RESEARCH CONTENTS creation large surroundings POLITICAL - ECONOMICAL - SOCIAL - TECHONOLGICAL- ENVIRONMENTAL- micro ENVIRONMENT SUPPLIERS- INTERMEDIARIES-fiscal GOVERNMENT THE COMPANY- EMPLOYEES- CUSTOMERS COMPETITORS- MEDIA- PUBLICS- SWOT abbreviationCONCLUSION APPENDIX BIBLYOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION The viands retail sedulousness in the United terra firma is an exceedingly competitive commercialize. The major(ip) p moulds in the industry all bem single- p jump outd function terrible acquire power and argon constantly fighting to change magnitude foodstuff shargon. Like some(prenominal) other industry though they argon change just now factors which argon both within their control as soundly as exposeside.In this report we leave alone first be charge on the macro surround of the UK super trade industry where we leave alone re resume orthogonal issues much(prenominal)(prenominal) as politics, economy, scientif ic, social/demographic and purlieual factors. From this analytic thinking we screwing win insight into how super marketplaces react to changes that atomic number 18 beyond their control and how they muckle often turn these changes into business opportunities. The second part of this report depart be looking at the supermarket chain Waitrose.Through this we analyse the micro environment whereby we look at factors such as suppliers, in destinationediaries, financial, goernment, the fellowship, nodes, employees, competitions, media, and all overts. The micro environment is what puddles up a company and all aspects essential run expeditiously and exitively for a business to provide. Based on the determineings of the Waitrose micro environment we argon then able to evaluate the companies strengths and weaknesses as sur manifestation as their opportunities and threats. MACRO ENVIRONMENT Political The supermarket industry is touch oned by many varying political factors . parvenue enactment and decisions from Goerning bodies that regulate the industry withdraw to ensure that all business within the heavens is conducted plumb and with the economy suppliers and consumers best interest in mind. Most legislation on food standards originates from the European Commission which consolidates legislation across the EU. The contention Commission, a non departmental g bothwherening body, argon responsible for investigating mergers, markets and inquiries related to regulate industries under competition law (Competition Commission No Date),.Competition uprightness which was introduced in 1998 promotes healthy competition, and bans anticompetitive barrackments among firms such as agreements to fix charges or to elevator carve up markets, and it wangles it illegal for businesses to abuse a dominant market position ( world power of Fair Trading, 2007). In 2009 the Competition Commission issued an am supplanted and change Grocery fork out Code of Pract ice (GSCOP) with hopes of providing greater security to suppliers. To inspection and repair regulate legislation and the GSCOP an independent financial ombudsman was established in 2010 to locates problems between retailers and suppliers (Sourceuk 2009).When a supermarket wishes to build or extend a site a competition test would be carried place on the retailer and an discernment make to ensure that local exposes dont lose extinct to the large chain supermarkets domination an entire atomic number 18a (Competition Commission 2009). worth fixing is illegal under the competition act of 1998. When participants on the real(prenominal) side of the market (such as the big 4 in the UK supermarket sector) agree to sell a serve livelongsome, ingathering or trade good at a fixed price its the consumers who must pay temporary hookup retailers and suppliers pull together the benefits. at that place ar extremely heavy penalties for price fixing in the UK You approve be fined, disqualified from being a computeor or even sent to prison (Business bond No Date). Minimum profit laws go by always affect supermarkets as in the primary(prenominal) many of their stave would be paid minimum wage. Under the home(a) Minimum plight Act of 1998 all employers must pay their employees a accepted follow per hour as make up by the UK Government. The briny rate of subject ara Minimum Wage which applies to wrenchers aged 22 and over and is currently ? 5. 80 per but entrust raise ? 5. 93 in 2010 (Directgov 2010).There be many laws in the UK and EU which argon designed to protect the environment. provided there argon two main Acts which were do to consolidate as many issues as possible, these are the milieual Protection Act 1990 and the environs Act 1995 (Hartshorne. J,1996). DEFRA is the UK government agency which is responsible for setting legislation and steering on a number of environmental issues (DEFRA, No Date). Some of the essence(p) legislati on which applies to supermarkets include laws on looseness and recycling, genetic modification, and Climate stir which are all covered under these acts. Office of domain sphere In variantation No Date) Economic The economic situation at any given time ordain always affect market conditions. As the economy continually fluctuates between periods of economic increase and periods of relative stagnancy ( besides known as an economic cycle) factors such as changes to interest rates, interchange rates, inflation and purchasing power will outright and indirectly affect the supermarket industry (Tutor2u, No Date) In 2008 the UK had entered the recession stage of the economic cycle. stake rates dropped from 5% to 0. % in an effort to increase consumer spending (Mintel 2009, trade Re-forecasts food for thought UK). And while this would initially gift up to be a gain for supermarkets, other factors of the recession such as broad spread unemployment and bankruptcies see this sec tor of the market having to revise their marketing strategies in erect to survive these changes to the economy (Mintel 2009, apprehend backet Re-forecasts forage UK). In 2009 trading was dash off with consumers eating less ready meals and opting for own sign kind of than premium products (Mintel 2009, nutrient retailing UK Broader Market environs).This is just one of the many changes to consumer purchasing that changed and will continue to change as the economy tries to recover. tally to The Office of National Statistics (2010) unemployment dropped by 33000 since then end of 2009 and the economy grew by 0. 1% a possible indication of the UK slowly emerging from the recession (BBC spick-and-spans 2010). merely this will be the beginning of a reco really which could take at least a nonher two years. As interest rates exempt remain at an all time low of 0. % (BBC News 2009) supermarkets will start to see an increase in spending from consumers as their say-so in the m arket returns (Mintel 2009, Market Re-forecasts fare UK). Inflation has exclusively fix a new-fashioned issue in the UK economy. Rising fuel prices, a few poor harvests and the weakness of the sterling has seen inflation accelerate between 2006 and 2008 (Mintel 2009, solid food selling UK Broader Market Environment) (Appendix 1). The implications of this for supermarkets are that it erodes the purchasing power of bills which in turn means the price of imported good will rise. unless a positive result of rising inflation, which at measure reached over 10% also, meant that food price increases boosted trades value (Mintel 2009, sustenance Retailing UK The Market In Context). A trend for guests trading down rather than reducing quantity enables sales value to rise prodigal enough to cover cost growth (Mintel 2009, intellectual nourishment Retailing UK firmament size and Forecast). The recession as a intact has had a very mixed effect on the supermarket industry. At the beginning of the recession in 2008 consumers drastically get back on purchases from retailers such as Waitrose and attach and Spencer.However by December 2009 Waitrose was the fastest growing supermarket chain while Aldi was on the decline. This is believed to be due to to a greater extent expensive supermarkets introducing own scrape products into their neckcloths and selling them at a lower price to their standard products (Keynote 2010, feed persistence patience Overview). Social It is essential for supermarkets to understand the current sociocultural environment as any changes will affect their guests needs and wants. (Brassington & Pettitt 2006)According to Mintel (2009) the ageing cosmos will absorb a negative effect on the supermarket industry with there already being more(prenominal) retired pile than children, with this level set to increase (Appendix 2). This will affect the industry as older mountain tend to eat and drink a locoweed less than their yo unger counterparts but also treat themselves less as well. This decline in basket size will take hold bulky term effects for the industry over time as they are less efficient to service and affect more staff (Mintel 2009, Food Retailing Broader Market Environment)A worrying trend which has emerged in the start several years has been the increase in obesity among children and adults in the UK with 60% of the UK existence being over taket (Office of National Statistics, Health and Social Care, 2010) miserable quality gubbins foods, labour-saving engine room, increase car use and more mess doing sedentary jobs are just some of the reason the country is acquire bigger. However despite this increase in obesity the U. K population on a whole is far more health aware than in previous years (Keynote 2010, Food exertion Industry Overview).There has been a trend away from genetically modified foods towards extreme foods and an increased the guest desire for healthy alternative s. The government and other health organisations are works with supermarkets and manufacturers to protagonist consumers make healthier choices when discoverping. (Keynote 2010, Food Industry swear password Analysis). According to the National Office for Statistics (2010) The UK population is increasing at an dire rate with figures furnishing the population of the United Kingdom to be at 61383000 in 2008.This is up 0. 7 per cent since mid 2007. Increases in births, decreases in death and a sharp rise in migration to the United Kingdom have all contributed to the change in population (Office of National Statistics, race Estimates 2010) Statisticians have said that at least 70 per cent of the population rise over the next 20 years will be attributable directly to immigration (Office of National Statistics, Migration 2010). The supermarket industry needs to glint the needs of the changing population.With more population with different cultural backgrounds residing in England it is essential that the needs of these new(a) consumers are being met by supermarkets in show to retain market partake in (Keynote, Food Retailing UK 2009) The over powering proposition of the everything under one roof format has been a major factor in the demise of the small independent grocer, butcher and gullible grocer in recent times thus replacing the high roadway as the focal point of community disembodied spirit (IGD 2009, Non-Food Retailing).Declining meal cookery consequent to demographic changes such as an increasing number of single-person households and working women is forcing UK retailers are to focus on added-value products such as the booming food-to-go sector (Keynote 2010, Food Industry PEST Analysis).. These demographic changes have also affected consumer work patterns with retailers modifying aspects of the client shopping experience to accommodate changing lifestyles. Supermarkets are now flexible in opening hours as well as adding extras such as Th ursday late night shopping and forgive parking facilities (Keynote 2010, Food Industry Industry Overview).The recession in the UK has changed the populations attitude towards the foods they purchase. Britons have developed a advanced(a) guest preferences and exacts for greater choice and comfort in the shopping experience but for lower prices. Supermarket own brand products have been on the incline as their cooking stoves often adduce great value for quality products. (Keynote 2010, Food Industry PEST Analysis). Technological Recent technological advances have enabled supermarkets to provide guests with a quicker, easier and more enjoyable shopping experience.In recent years we have seen the approach of online shopping, self check outs, product s burnning and forecast technology which has changed the dynamics of how people shop. One of the intimately influential technological changes to come up to the supermarket industry in the then(prenominal) few years has been the introduction of profit shopping. The online grocery market is currently worth ? 4,4 billion having doubled in the past 4 years (Mintel 2009 Online Grocery Retailing) and is set to reach ? 7. 2 billion sully 2014 according to research industry analyst IDG (Appendix 3).This is a major new opportunity for retailers and the UK offers a good market for this with the highest partage of people online across the EU (Just Food 2009). New scanning thingumajig designed to be used by shoppers to scan products as they shop and then simply paying at a self go checkout using the scanned date are a new introduction to the industry. Scales are then used at point of payment to weigh shopping against weight data which is provided when the product is scanned. This ensures much shorter queuing times for customers (Waitrose 2010)New communication technology such as the introduction of scanners which provide price labels and barcodes for any furrow that needs to be reduced has enabled more sophis ticated store management. The scanners minimise unsold food as well as check out productivity, which saves time and reduces waste. (Retail Systems 2010) Advances in forecasting software such as that developed by SAS and purchased by Waitrose in 2006 will overhaul forecast demand for product based on the history of the item, cursory variables, events and holidays. (SAS 2006)The introduction of self check outs into supermarkets has bought many advantages to both the supermarket sector and its customers. This technology allows customer to scan barcodes on their won items thus eliminating interaction with supermarket employees. bandage they are a relatively new concept, having only become wide spread in 2003 they have been accepted as a faster, more efficient and private way to shop. Through self check out systems supermarkets are also able to reduce staff requirements and save coin (Goliath 2005) EnvironmentWith the environment becoming an important topic over the destruction seve ral years it has been essential for supermarkets to garner the demands of both the Government and their customers with regards to addressing environmental issues. This has proved to be both a challenge as well as a business opportunity for the major players in the industry, who contact to try and reposition themselves as leaders in responsible sourcing, sustainability, humour change issues and recycling (Donohue. A 2007). Climate change is one of the superior challenges facing the world today.The UK government has a pine term final cause to reduce emissions by 80% by 2050 ( division of Energy and Climate qualify A Low Carbon UK 2008). The Climate multifariousness Bill and the citizens committee on Climate Change influence have raised consumer cognisance of climate change which put arouseure on the supermarket industry to conform to their environmental obligations (Department of Energy and Climate Change Legislation 2008). Many UK supermarkets are now part of a governme nt initiative known as the Waste and Re kickoffs Action Programme (WRAP). WRAP works with the food industry is an effort to reduce food and packaging waste.Retailers who have signed the Courtauld trueness (a voluntary agreement between companies and WRAP) agree to have absolute wastage simplification by 2010 (WRAP No Date). The Food and Drink Federation (FDF) with its green schedule for food and drink manufactures also play a key office in helping companies reduce emissions and waste as well as cutting the amount of packaging that reaches households (FDF No Date). The Department for Environment, Food and homespun Affairs (Defra) works with the government and consumers in an effort to reduce waste by dint of recycling and composting of household waste (DEFRA No Date).This has reachd more consumer awareness and this new found awareness puts pressure on food retailers to meet waste reduction targets (Appendix 4). Waitrose currently puts into practice the use of the three Rs (re duce, reuse and recycle) to divert waste away from landfills (Mintel 2008 Ethical and commonality Retailing) Sustainable sourcing has become a very real issue with consumers over the past few years with a demand for supermarkets to ensure that their keep up such as fish and meat are from sources that can be replenished.Another form of sustainable sourcing is for supermarkets to source their put out locally rather than importing from overseas. This has a huge impact on carbon use as well as a significant impact on creating sustainable economies in our local communities (Mintel 2009 Influence of the Environment on Food Shopping). MICRO ENVIRONMENT Suppliers Behind its 18,000 different products, Waitrose is supplied by 2500 firms in over 60 countries. The majority of them are small collection plate and regional producers. Waitroses main aim, to offer high quality product, is the base of its plan to source goods from the areas where it trades.For example, that will show the real taste of British food with its regional variety. moreover people will have easy approaching to buy local food and support its local economy. Regardless of the small or big producers, Waitrose aim to work with decency and respect in long term with its suppliers. It wants to help its suppliers to reach their objectives by ensuring them that it will keep the integrity or quality of the suppliers product. For this reason, Waitrose wants its producers to use recognisable and with the best quality ingredients for the food, not a list of chemicals such as stabilisers or preservatives. Waitrose. com. The Waitrose Small Producers call for) To succeed in that approach, the company presented a new Waitrose Locally Produced regurgitate, which will aim to offer the best local quality food and great customer service to its customers. The difference between Waitrose and the other UK retailers is the co-ownership of company by its staff, not the overt shareholders who only demand for quick and profitable return of their investments. It allows it to make long term growing plans and continuing relationships with its producers in order to face its great customers expectations. Waitrose. com. The Waitrose Small Producers Charter) In order to prove their support for small local producers, Waitrose teamed up with The Times to create The Small Producers Awards in 2001. For example, its first year category winners will have ? 7,000 in cash, plus access to Waitrose business and marketing expertise. (Waitrose. com. The Waitrose Small Producers Charter) Moreover, in relation to the UK Recession, followed by the consumer downturn, Waitrose asked 1000 suppliers to cut their prices with 2%.The demand was addressed mainly to suppliers of branded food and farmers in UK. The managing director Mark Price explained companys decision with the fall in commodity prices, which makes suppliers raw material cheaper. Furthermore he states that the Waitroses market growth will lead the suppliers to sustain profit, which they should share with their biggest buyer. Moreover tin can Lewis coalitions decision was forced by the one-year report of the company, which expose 26% fall in pre-tax profit for 2008 to ? 279. 6m. (Telegraph website, 12/03/09)Intermediaries By rewarded as the UKs favourite retailer for 2007 and 2009, Waitrose main aim is to sustain its truehearted and respectful relationship with its suppliers and partners. It is the main intermediary of its own branded goods. Furthermore, Waitrose nurture long-term relationships with its suppliers, paying the fair price and helping them to reinvest in their business. It is the close to established local sourcing initiatives in its sector. All Waitrose shops have a regional fling, which covers in excess of 465 producers supplying over 1,400 product lines.In order to ensure its support for UK suppliers and in response to customer feedback, Waitrose has developed new shelf-edge ticketing, which emphasise the county, origin and unique qualities of each product. (JLP yearly report 2009) Moreover, Waitrose aid with other intermediary companies in order to transfer the produced goods from its supplier to the customers. Its main distributor is the online supermarket delivery company Ocado. It operates mainly in Greater London, lotion over 3 million households. Their relationships evolved in 2002 when whoremaster Lewis federation bought 29% of Ocados shares.In addition, their contract will expire in 2013. away from Ocado, Waitrose has established an own online delivery in over 100 stores. (JLP annual report 2009) Financial In difference from the other UK retailers, Waitrose isnt own by public shareholders and the City. In stead of cruel shareholders, whose fixed whim is to gain profitable quick returns, Waitrose is a part of John Lewis confederacy, which is own by its workers. Each year, every partner share companys profits, which in others retailers go to the shareholders.This organisational system makes extraordinary commitment and loyalty amongst its labour. Furthermore company could praise itself with partners who worked with it for many years. This system makes its workers to be interested in what they are doing and selling. For that reason the often good remarks of the customers about the customer service are not surprising, because every worker in the local store do in fact own the store. (Waitrose website. The Waitrose Difference) Moreover, an interest public fact is that Waitrose holds a Royal Warrant with Her Majesty The poove.This means that company is chosen to supply the Royal Family with goods for five years. Moreover, Waitrose held the long-lasting Warrant with Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. That is a significant evidence for the great quality that Waitrose has been offering through the years. (Waitrose website. The Waitrose Difference) Government As an established responsible and time-tested retail company, Waitrose aim to consider and follow govern ment policy. It is in a consistent relationship with any local government, discussing key issues which affect its partners, customers and communities in which it operates.Furthermore it is an active member of government policy advisory groups, such as Climate Change Leaders Group, British Retail mob and Retail Energy Forum. (John Lewis fusion website, gentle our stakeholders) Moreover, Waitrose cooperate with local government during planning and construction of all its new shops. It wants to ensure that its new stores are built responsibly and will operate sustainably in order to belittle its impact on the environment and the local community. (John Lewis Partnership website, Engaging our stakeholders)Lastly, Waitrose and its elevate John Lewis Partnership work closely with regulators such as Environment Agency and Health & Safety Executive to testify that the Partnership do all its best in compliance with the law. In any typeface of legal issue occur, it respond immediately, and cooperate with the local regulator to resolve the problem as quickly as possible. (John Lewis Partnership No Date, Engaging our stakeholders) The Company Waitrose stems from a small grocery shop called Waite. Rose & Taylor founded by Wallace Waite, Arthur Rose and David Taylor the small grocery shop assailable for business 1904. cardinal years on the founders decided to rebrand the company in 1908 by changing the company name to Waitrose, which is a combination of two of the founders surnames. The Waitrose Company want changed once again so joined The John Lewis Partnership 1937, whereby one hundred sixty Waitrose employees became partners or co-owners of the business (Waitrose No Date The Company). The John Lewis coalition is form by 70,000 partners (staff) who co-own John Lewis department stores, Waitrose supermarkets, an online and catalogue business (John Lewis Direct-johnlewis. om), a direct service company (Greenbee), three production units and a farm. (The John Lewi s Partnership No Date) (John Lewis Partnership CSR Report 2009, Page 5) The Waitrose difference Waitrose focuses operation virtually offering the best quality goods and have adapted their daily producers, to make shopping easier to suit all by offering a classifiable service such as packing at checkouts, carry to car service and assists to those that compulsory it it is this that they believe gives them the edge over other supermarkets (Waitrose No Date The Waitrose Difference)Waitrose has an majestic return policy whereby customers will receive their replete money back, if they genuinely pursed t a product they didnt require or a customer is not one hundred percent prosperous with the product. It is this edge that provides Waitrose with long lasting loyal customers that trust the supermarket they shop in. As well as food products Waitrose offers Branch Extras at selected stores modify customers to rent wines glasses, beer glasses and fish kettles free of charge as a friendly jester(Waitrose No Date The Waitrose Difference).Waitrose commitment to provide outstanding produces and serve has been credited with a Royal Warrant from Her Majesty the Queen Which is a mark of recognition of those that supply goods or services to members of the Royal Family for at least five years(Waitrose No Date The Waitrose Difference). Employees Waitrose employees are also co-owners and form part of the John Lewis Partnership the John Lewis Partnership aims to employ exceptional staffs that are dedicated to putting the consumers needs first whilst delivering excellent customer service.The John Lewis Partnership aims to keep the happiness of its employees at the heart of the compact and uses a blend of five key elements to do this Work/life balance employees are encouraged to keep a equal balance of work and play to support this the union offers flexible hours, career breaks, long leave, a flexible retirement policy . Competitive pay and benefits the partnership aims to maintain a pay policy which is competitive while being fair to all partners and offers a range of partners benefits from discounts and bonus to life insurance. alter capableness the partnership gives all their employees the chance to reach their full potential and required all employees to ender go compulsory training. There partnership also allows employees the opportunity for promotion and career development programs. Fair treatment the partnership treats all its employees fair and provides equal opportunities for all, regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, social background, religion and baulk or sexuality. Powered by our Principles (PboP) these are six principles sets out to inform employees of what is expected from all them be honest, give respect, recognise others, show enterprise, work together and achieve more (Waitrose No Date Our Employees) Customers The John Lewis Partnership aims to deal honestly with customers, securing their loyalty and trust by providing out standing choice, value and service. (John Lewis Partnership CSR Report 2009, pg 4) Waitrose dominates a niche market were its target customers are believed to be affluent with a more flexible disposable income.They are associated with the middle classes along with high class food and fantastic customer service. Their repeat custom is formed, as the consumer seeks a well established supermarket they can trust and complete their weekly shop in a supermarket thats driven by high quality fresh food. (Mintel 2009 Food Retails Waitrose) A loyal Waitrose customer will complete their weekly shop unconditionally every week in there local Waitrose store just if they need a product unexpectedly they will use a convenient store as a one off it is it nigh in location.Typical Waitrose customers are considered to be affluent with a more flexible disposable income, middle to high classes, working professionals and health cerebrate consumers (Mintel 2009 Food Retails Waitrose). In addition an other important factor that adds to the customer that shops at Waitrose supermarkets is the location of the stores as Waitrose stores are based more southbound/East England and areas that are frequently referred to as posh, where people are financially comfortable (Mintel 2009 Food Retails Waitrose).Waitrose strive to maintain exceptional customer service and are always constantly evaluating their services to unsure they are fulfilling their consumer needs. Waitrose uses a range of formal methods of research and feedback, such as customer surveys, panels, focus groups, online feedback forms and regular mystery shopping to gather sufficient evidence to monitor their customer service and performance necessary action if required (John Lewis Partnership No Date Customer Service) CompetitionWaitrose occupies up to 4% of the UK grocery market, this compares with the largest food retailer in England today is which is Tescos who hold a massive 30 % share of the market. In the UK today ev ery ? 1 in every ? 7 of consumer spending is spent in one of Tescos stores. Tesco specializes primarily in food and drink with its apprize and Finest ranges that we all know well, but it has also become a major player in a range of non-food markets including consumer electrical, clothing, financial services, telecoms, fuel and internet services amongst others.In 2008, Tesco open uped a new Discount brandmarks range, which is geared towards consumers seek to trade down but not ready to compromise on quality. The new range appears to have halted the drift of customers to Aldi and Lidl. Tescos sheer scale means it has been able to lower prices on the back of large volumes. Tescos has different types of stores every one of them targeting different consumers, tesco express for example, the smallest one in the range, is designed to be a convenience shop where the costumer can Top-up (Mintel 2009 Food Retail Tesco).Other major players are Asda, Sainsburys and Morrisons with Asda takin g up to 17% of the market. Asda has a similar range of product to Tesco but opened up the clothing market in supermarkets but presenting its own brand known as George at Asda. Asda, part of Wal-Mart, directs its main focus on price, primarily targeting the lower end of the mass-market although the current climate is increasing demand for discount items from a variety of consumer groups. In terms of consolidated sales, in 2008 the company was the third largest grocer in the UK although when fuel sales are outside Asda moves into second place behind Tesco but above Sainsbury.What has really set Asda apart from its rivals in the food sector in the UK has been its lack of convenience store activity. While Tesco and Sainsburys have attacked the c-store sector very aggressively, Asda has been happy to maintain its larger big-box stores enabling them to maintain a presence out of town. (Mintel 2009 Food Retail) Waitrose occupies a relatively small but nevertheless very starchy portion o f the market with its closest supermarket being label and Spencer. some(prenominal) of these supermarkets aim at a quality rather than quantity market with prices worldwidely being higher(prenominal) than the larger supermarketsMarks and Spencer holds approximately 3. 9% of the grocery market. The main differences between of the two chains is that Waitrose holds 18% of organic food ranges and sells none Waitrose brand products whilst Marks and Spencer sells just its own make brand. Marks & Spencer is the UKs leading non-food retailer, but food has long been a part of its heritage. The company trades from a premium positioning, emphasising quality and value. Dry groceries are only a small part of the offer, with the company instead focussing on ready prepared meals, fresh items and foods for special occasions.The food range is available from specialist Simply Food convenience stores as well as the larger general merchandise outlets. (Mintel 2009 Food Retail Marks & Spencer). In the food retail industry we find that there are two different orientated companies, price orientated and customer orientated. Waitrose aims at the customer orientated market and this has generally held them in good stead. The recent recession was a testing time for the company but their pissed brand name appears to have weathered the storm and it has successfully contain its position.Media Waitrose takes its promotion and advertising seriously and has a very organised and wide range of media publicity. On they own website they have options to find press releases and press packs and it is optional to sign up to receive daily updates regarding Waitrose. They have sustain their commitment by appointing Grand Union as the lead digital agency for Waitrose. The agency will re arrange the brands website Waitrose. com, as well as produce digital marketing for Waitrose Deliver, the brands online grocery shopping service.Waitrose uses television and advertising extensively to promote its products and services and has announced recently that celebrity chefs Delia Smith and Heston Blumenthal will join forces in a collaboration that will see them appear in TV, press and online advertising for the grocer (Waitrose 2009) The company website now provides an option to find all the recipes that have been used on the show. In addition John Lewis, the stores sister brand, has assembleed a glossy customer magazine, which will be made available in all Waitrose stores, with an initial print run of 500,000.The launch is backed by an in-store marketing campaign (Mintel 2009 Food Retail).. Publics The company takes its public and social responsibilities very seriously and its basic philosophy is as follows- As a responsible retailer, own beneficially by our employees, we believe that the long-term future of the Partnership is best served by respecting the interests of all our stakeholders Partners, customers, suppliers and the wider community. We look actively for opportunities t o improve the environment and to contribute to the wellbeing of the communities in which we trade. (Waitrose Feb 2010 Press Centre) In 2008, Waitrose was the first UK food retailer to begin using Anaerobic Digestion (AD), a process which eliminates the need to send waste food to landfill sites. (Waitrose Feb 2010 Press Centre). Waitrose commits at least 1 per cent of pre-tax profits to charitable and community projects. They are also committed to providing support to overseas disasters through the British ruby-red Cross and are involved in over 100 projects involving 16,000 people in South Africa rolled out to Ghana and Kenya.Their target is to increase activities in the field referred to above and to actively encourage participation in Sport and physical exercise in the UK. They have already turn 50 per cent of their total operational waste food away from landfill and their goal is to divert 95 per cent by 2013. Waitrose is set to launch an environmental initiative inviting cus tomers to suggest eco ideas that it can implement into the business. Your Green fancy was launched on 15 run into 2010, following a soft launch of the website.It is clear that Waitrose is very committed to its social and public responsibilities and have a proven track record to support their mandate SWOT ANALYSIS Internal Strengths Waitrose was one of the first retailers to develop own brands (after Marks and Spencer). Their own brand line carries over 18000 products including 117 lines in their Perfectly equilibrize range which promotes a fresh and healthy lifestyle for their customers (Mintel 2009, Food Retail UK Waitrose). Waitrose differentiates itself strongly from other supermarkets. They have a more defined range of products with focus on high quality food and up-market products.They are extremely customer orientated and place great emphasis on customer service as one of their unique selling points (Mintel 2009, Food Retail UK Waitrose). According to a survey by Which Wa itrose is the leading supermarket chain in food quality and range. Only ASDA was rated better than Waitrose for value for money (Which 2008) Having owned their own farms for over 70 years Waitrose prides itself on working with its farmers, growers and suppliers directly to ensure that only the highest quality food from the most ethical and environmentally friendly sources reach they consumers.This is supported by its own inspections and farm office schemes (Waitrose No Date Origin of our Food). Waitrose was the first ever winner of the epithet Organic Supermarket of the Year and have over 16 awards for wine purchasing and retail. These are just some of the many awards that have been claimed by Waitrose over the past several years (Waitrose Various Dates Press and Awards). Waitrose also holds a Royal Warrant with Her Majesty the Queen to supply goods to members of the Royal Family (Waitrose No Date The Waitrose Difference).Waitrose was the first to introduce self-scanning (Quick Check) in some stores, which demonstrates a willingness to pioneer and offer a high service and reducing costs. Recent technological innovations that have been introduced in stores include printers which provide price labels and barcodes for any stock that needs to be reduced and hand held devices available to shoppers to use as a self scanning system. (Thompson. S 2010). The partnership with John Lewis gives Waitrose tested supplier links and economies of scale. Waitrose would struggle to achieve the success it has today without the help of the partnership.The partnership also functions as a conglomerate therefore diversifying risk. The connecter with John Lewis improves Waitroses reputation (John Lewis Partnership No Date). Waitrose has a strong culture of co-ownership due to the fact that its not owned by shareholders but owned by everyone who works for the partnership. Their staff are generally well motivated because they are partners and profits ultimately come back to them. Various other benefits (such as pension schemes) are what make Waitrose a good employer, with satisfied employees. Waitrose No Date The Waitrose Difference) Internal Weaknesses The dispersal of the Waitrose stores is preferably weak, especially in certain areas such as the south air jacket of England, Wales, North-West of England, and Scotland. However their acquisition of 13 Somerfield stores has lead to an magnification of statistical distribution into the North of England and Wales (Chesters. L Property Week 2009) Own labels are the main piece within their product mix. Waitrose is very dependent on this product range with a majority of sales coming from its own brand.bigger diversification would be helpful to gain better strength in the market (Mintel 2009 Brands Are Supermarkets Squeezing Out Brands) Waitrose also has the weakness of only supplying high quality, high price products. This could be seen as a negative factor due to the exclusion of an entire demographic of people in the lower class of the population who could be potential customers. However they have recently made attempts to increase their target demographic through the introduction of an economy range branded as Waitrose Essentials.This shows they have accepted a potential for expansion and this can lead to further developments in the future (Finch, J exhibit 2009) External Opportunities Further expansions throughout the UK would be useful to raise the importance of the firm, gain market share and, deprave the competitors buying their own branches and improving e-commerce. Also further acquisition of competitor stores such as the Somerfield stores purchased by Waitrose would lead to increased market share (Chesters. L Property Week 2009). Waitrose has an elaborate online shopping facility in place however, this as well is subject to regional limitation.Expansion of distribution channels for online shopping facilities would help Waitrose get their products to customers who live ou tside areas where branches are located. Setting up new partnerships with other companies will grant higher incomes because both companies could be able to buy larger amount of products with cheaper prices. New Partnership could also help Waitrose to diversify into other non-food products other than those that John Lewis already offers. Waitrose has recognised this opportunity (All Business, No Date) External ThreatsA major part of Waitrose strategy on sales has been built on the sale of premium own brand products. Marks & Spencer, Tesco and Sainsburys have determine the sales of premium own brands as a lucrative segment with high margins and all three have a wide selection of premium products in store. Tesco and Sainsburys advertise on price which gives the acquaintance of their products still being of a lower quality than those sold at Waitrose (Mintel 2008 Premium Foods UK) The recession while perceived to be coming to an end still has the potential to generate many problems f or Waitrose.When interest rate rise this year people will have less disposable income and may start to buy cheaper products and so shifting from Waitrose to other cheaper retailers. This could result in a loss in consumers loyalty and this would give direct advantages to competitors (Mintel 2009 Food Retail) Also due to the weakened sterling there is a calamity that overseas groups could enter the market and increase competition generating the reduction of incomes and market share for each player (Keynote 2010 Food Industry) CONCLUSIONThe supermarket industry has kaput(p) through some important changes over the past few years. From our analysis of the macro environment we can see some main issues have affected the food retails sector. Environmental issues are now at the caput of everything companies do, with consumers not only demanding more for their money but more for the environment as well. Technology has seen the internet open up a whole new way of shopping and while its still the first stages there is great promise for the internet as a medium for food purchases. Society is changing in a way that will affect how people shop in years to come.Now with more people from different cultural backgrounds residing in the UK than ever before supermarkets must act fast to meet the new needs of a changing society. New legislation has stopped many key players in their tracks with plans for expansion as a new financial ombudsman now has the last word on whether a supermarket can expand in a certain location. The recession has had a major impact of the supermarket sector over the past couple of years. It has been the driving influences to a lot of changes which have been occurring in most of the major food retailers. While the supermarket industry is relatively ecession proof their customers are not and this has seen consumer trends of trading down and buying less. An analysis of the internal twist of Waitrose shows us a very strong company with high righteou s grounding and a passion for customer service. They may not have such large market share as the big intravenous feeding but they are growing at a rapid stair and with the addition of their new Essentials range to their portfolio they are preparing to enter a whole new main stream market. They pride themselves on having great relationships with employees and suppliers and are at the forefront of environmental issue such as sustainable ethical sourcing.Waitrose is a company that is heading in the right steering and while they are not without their weaknesss, distribution being a key factor, they are adept at recognising where improvements can be made and building towards a higher market share. APPENDIX Appendix 1 http//0-academic. mintel. com. emu. londonmet. ac. uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&/ pomposity/id=395621/ scupper/id=496165? select_section=496166 Appenix 2 http//0-academic. mintel. com. emu. londonmet. ac. uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show& / pageantry/id=395621/display/id=496166? select_section=496167Appendix 3 http//0-academic. mintel. com. emu. londonmet. ac. uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show&&type=RCItem&sort=relevant&access=accessible&archive=hide&source=non_snapshot&list=search_results/display/id=418439/display/id=480340? select_section=480342 Appendix 4 http//0-academic. mintel. com. emu. londonmet. ac. uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/sear ch_results/show&/display/id=394656/display/id=442497? select_section=442498 BIBLYOGRAPHY MACRO ENVIRONMENT Social Brassington. F and Pettitt. 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Early and Middle Adulthood Paper Essay

In this paper, I will discus ii theories that are related to early and middle braggyhood. Also, I will talk over the strengths and weaknesses of each of the theories. The two theories that I have selected are Eriksons social occasion versus isolation to explain the early adulthood stage, and the Life Events Approach theory.In the Eriksons psychosocial developmental theory ( participation versus isolation stage), Intimacy can be explained as is the ability to fuse ones identity with that of another person without idolise of loosing it (Feist, 2008, 258). It set ahead means an ability and willingness to share a mutual trust. It involves sacrifice, compassion, shipment and so on.Isolation on the other hand, is the psychosocial counterpart of niggardliness. It is defined as the incapacity to take chances with ones identity by sharing true intimacy (Feist, 2008, 259). Erikson believed that there should be a fine ratio between the intimacy and isolation as too a lot isolation can further cause problems such as depression.Love is the basic strength that is gained as a result from the crisis of intimacy versus isolation). According to Erikson, love includes intimacy alone it also contains some degree of isolation, because each partner is permitted to retain a separate identity (Feist, 2008).StrengthsHis theory gave a life span developmental process.His theory explains each stage in detail including the time frame, and the changes involved.He addressed it is important to move through the stages in order or it could causes crisis.Extended Freuds theory into different developmental stages such as adolescence, adulthood and old age.Claimed that growth occurs across the life span.Places emphasis on social and historical influences on development in his theory competitiveness between the opposing elements of each phase produces an ego strength or basic strength.WeaknessesHis theory is not based on scientific evidence.His psychosocial developmental theory does not t ake into consideration different cultures of the world.The age groups with the developmental stages do not sound consistent.Generalizes that everyone goes through the same psychosocial developmental stages.The Life-Events ApproachIn the anterior version, some essences such as a death of a spouse, break up and marriage could be life changing and could influence an individuals development. In other words, such events could force the individual to change their temperament as they bring along lot of stress.However, contemporary life-events approach emphasizes that individuals personality development does not only depend on the life events itself plainly also on mediating factors (physical health, family supports, for example), the individuals adaptation to the life event (appraisal of the threat, coping strategies, for example), the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context (Santrock, 2008).StrengthsHelpful addition to understanding adult development.Takes into billet l ife stressors and other mediating variables that could influence ones development.WeaknessThe life-events approach places too much emphasis on change.It does not adequately recognize the stability characterizes adultdevelopment.It overlooks daily events that could be very stressful as well for individuals.Therefore, in this paper, I have discussed two theories related to early and middle adulthood in detail. The two theories are Eriksons and the life events approach theory. Also, I have discussed the strengths and weaknesses of each theory.ReferencesFeist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2008) Theories of Personality (7th edition). New York McGraw-HillSantrock, J. W. (2008). Essentials of life-span development. NY McGraw-Hill.

The Dog Who Wanted To Die Plot Graph Attachment

The average similarity. Exposition The Clashes, two bats people and their revolting dog are introduced as moving into the neighborhood of David Parker. David Parker has just lost his father and the Clashes are creating quite a guffaw in the neighborhood, and their dog Monty, is the dirty dog that just seems to mope around. come up bodily process The Clashes take in truth bad care of Monty, feeding him tater peels and craps that make him ill.He is also covered in infectious scabs and new(prenominal) bits of filth. David notices that Monty, the dog, has attempted many suicide attempts due to his depressing life with the Clashes. David is firing through his suffer troubles as his father has moved away. His grades are dropping, he is always in a sour mood, and is easily aggravated. His mother worries very much about him. Eventually, though, the Clashes moved away, leaving their dog behind. David decides to take him into his ingest home one day, as Monty avoids yet another suici de attempt. mop upBurglaries are occurring the neighborhood where David lives, and Monty, during a burglary at Davits own home, saves Davits life. Falling Action After this life-changing event, David comes to love and take care of Monty like never before. Months check into changes wonderfully he is not the only one. David starts to take responsibility for his own life. He gets a job and takes care of his dog, his grades go up, and he is in a generally better mood.