Gilgamesh and Odysseus Essay Example for Free

Gilgamesh and Odysseus canvasOdysseus main challenge is to help defeat the Trojans in the battle of the Trojan horse. All the men who survived the warfare and the sea were safely back at home, early(a) than Odysseus, he hush up had a long expedition ahead of him. In the beginning of his go, his challenge was brought upon him by the powerful God of the sea Poseidon. Poseidon became Odysseus enemy by and by a Cyclops held him and his crewmates captive. After escaping the Cyclops, Odysseus blinded it with fire and his sword. The Cyclops was the son of Poseidon, after telling his atomic number 91 what happened Poseidon became full of rage and swore to Odysseus that he would pay for what he had done, and he would wander the seas for ten years as his punishment. After leaving the island of the Cyclops, Odysseus encountered Aeolus, who gave him a bag of winds that would have directed him back to Ithaca. However, one of the crewmembers was anxious to draw what was in the bag, th at he open uped the bag while Odysseus was sleeping.Seeing that Odysseus was the only one that was directed to open the bag this caused terrible winds to come out which blew the men further off course. After many other challenges, at sea Odysseus ended up the only survivor. A few old age later, he came to the island of the goddess fairy-slipper she fell madly in applaud with him, and held captive on her island for seven years. Upon that seventh year things started to heighten for Odysseus. Athena, daughter of genus Zeus and Odysseus protector, discussed his fate with the other gods that who assembled in Zeus home. All of the gods besides Poseidon sympathized with Odysseus, because of what he did to his son. Zeus however told the God Hermes to tell Calypso to let him go and give him a raft, food, and clothing for his journey to Ithaca this did not settle will with Poseidon.Poseidon again wrecked Odysseus raft and which led him to have to swim to an island nude and exhausted. He woke with laughing women around him, who took Odysseus to meet there parents. They later found out who he was and his determination in the Trojan war and helped him on his journey back home. A few more things that took localise in his journey back home. When Odysseus finally got home back to Ithaca to be with his family he appreciated what he left behind even more. Odysseus when through many tests, all physically, mental, and emotional but he still survived and overcame his adversities. A woman- a goddess formed Enkidu from clay, by the name ofAruru. A woman (Shamhat) seduced Enkidu.Gilgamesh sent Shamhat, the harlot to Enkidu as a gift but Enkidu was too full of himself to understand the depth and implications of it. The intercourse was for six days and seven nights. Shamhat was supposedly helped Enkidu become a man and a civilized human being. They learned that the love of a woman was valued above all others. In conclusion, the main comparisons between the journeys of Gilgamesh and The Odyssey were men approach several trials and tribulations that women had been the main cause of the problems and challenges. In Gilgamesh, Enkidu had challenges from the goddess and in Odyssey Odysseus had challenges from the gods and goddess.

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Example for Free

Edgar alonean Poe EssayEdgar Allan Poe was evil genius for his term and a big(p) literary forerunner of today. He created the mind set for current writers such as Stephen King, Clive Barker, and Robin Cook by creating the horror story. Poe invites the reader to enter the mind of the narrator by use our senses as a way to provoke terror, suspense, and awe. His writing was influenced by many tragic losses in his aliveness, and this would explain why Poe was a writer of such morbid poor stories and poems. Poes beats in life by all odds influenced the remarkable literary work he produced. In his early life he had to deal with the goal of both his parents, a sticky experience, but Poe accepted it as time went on. Later on in his life Poes stepfather disowned him. Young Edgars life was changed due to abandonment, alcoholism, and depression. In 1832 Poe moved in with his aunt and his 11 category old cousin in Baltimore. Poe then married his younger cousin in 1836. However, Po e did not spot that he would suffer yet another terrible loss, the loss of his love, his wife.Poes ability to write literature was the windowpane for him to express his feelings. All of Poes tragic losses affected the way he wrote. Poe used his life experiences to perk up his writing a lot more interesting. Poes writing is remarkably interesting. The poem The Raven showed how Poe erected a craze state of mind, as the poem shows how the loss or a loved unmatchable drove a person crazy. This poem was possibly created for his wife that he had lost. While reading the poem it seems as if the stresses of the life of Poe, and his thoughts and feelings were all put into this poem.Throughout Poes life, many factors have contributed and influenced his writing style. He lived a difficult life, because he was raised in a dysfunctional household. But the final product of Poes mind is printed in his short stories and poems. Poes stories all have similar motifs and composition that would sugge st suppressed emotions from life experiences are being pink-slipped through his writings.The most prominent feature of Poes writing is his obsession with remainder. Poes writing does more than entertain the reader. It mountain be an insight into the dark and somber existence of Edgar Allan Poe. One does not understand the meaning of Poe if one reads at the superficial level. One has to read into Poe, and understand the hardships of his life and how he maintained them that way. He knew that death was an inevitable bring out of life, it is the price of life, but he tried to fight it as if it was an unnatural part of life. He was an extremely intriguing man from all viewpoints, and he was and is, the dark side of all of us.It is difficult not to link Poes fictional stories with his real life. Evidence shows that Poe had a heart condition during his later days in life. Could The Tell Tale Heart be his own fear of the disease? Who knows? Could Poe have been expressing his fears tha t his lush rages may cause him to hurt the ones he loved most in his tale The Black roam? Finally, was the Pit and the Pendulum an allegory of his life? Did he find himself caught between the pendulum of financial adversity and the pit of adulteration of death? Poe made the reader feel as if the reader were there, in the story, struggling with the same terrors of the characters. All his famous mystery thriller works give the reader a sense of nervousness, a sense of fear, and a sense of evil, by making our five senses awaken by reading every word.Critics say that Poe did not merely imitate the Gothic tales, but he also enriched them by preserving a central go through while adding philosophical speculations and lore that mysticalened the impressions of the tales. As a result of the traumas he endured, Poe was unafraid of taking his readers for a walk on the dark side, where lines between life and death were sometimes blurred. His ability to tap into humankinds deepest fears and his eubstance in portraying such intriguing and captivating themes is what has kept the work of Poe timeless.In short, Edgar Allan Poe has created many great stories for us. He liked to illustrate the dissolution of an individuals mind and body, as he had suffered it himself for quite a immense time. He thought death is unavoidable, because he experienced keenly deaths all around him and its threat on his own life. He was obsessed by the loss of love of ideal women, for he had the same experience in life. Now, we can understand why Poe had a tendency of choosing such themes. Poe is an author of the inner world and his writings are his psychological autobiography to some extent. In this respect, Poe pioneered a new field in literature. He is the first one who focused on mans mental and spiritual activities, and his writings have deep influence on many of later writers.WORKS CITEDPoe, Edgar Allan. Introductory Notes and Editors preface by Phillip van Doren Stern. In Selected Tales a nd Poems. The Viking Portal Library, Penguin Books, 1993.Moore, R. The Tell-Tale Heart Discussion. 2002.Online. Internet. 11 November 2002. Available WWW http//www.allpoe.comMurphy, Sally. Poes Poetry. 2002.Online. Internet. 12 November 2002. Available WWW http//www.allpoe.comMeyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe His Life and Legacy. pertly York Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.Peters, James. Edgar Allan Poe. April 1, 2002.http//www.island-of-freedom.com/POE.HTMSilverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe A Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance. New York Harper Collins Publishers, 1991.Death of Edgar Allan Poe. New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers University Press, 1998

Treaty of Versailles essay Essay Example for Free

Treaty of Versailles essay EssayIn this essay I will be analysing and concluding whether I believe that the Treaty of Versailles was the main cause of the governmental and stinting instability in Germany between 1919 and 1923. Also I will be looking at new(prenominal) factors that may have caused the governmental and economic instability. The Treaty of Versailles (signed 28th June 1919) had huge impact on the political instability within Germany between 1919 and 1923. It consisted of 440 Articles setting out the terms for Germany to abide by. The treaty angered the German people as they felt stabbed in the back believing it to be unfair and shameful. The terms gnarled Germany taking the blame for the First World War and the reduction of their army which both had a political affect within the country. It humiliated the German people as they felt no blame for the state of war and they were very proud of their army. The anger the people felt left an opening for extremist left flee and right wing parties to gain popularity. The treaty caused a large amount of economic problems in Germany ascribable to the harsh reparations term of 6.6 billion which they had to repay for damages caused by the war. The German marks value was diminish due to Germany reprinting money to keep up with payments which eventually caused hyperinflation. As the rate of money was diminish the price for goods went up.Wages also went up but not enough to buy food, clothes etc. People with savings were hugely affected as those two became worthless. The population was starving and had to queue for food. Those who make enough to buy food could only afford no more than a loaf or two of bread. People even burnt their money just to keep warm. In 1223 the French meridian Minister decided to take action as Germany had defaulted on repayments. As the Germany army was limited in that respect was nothing they could do, therefore The French occupied the Ruhr, one of Germanys biggest industr ial areas. The French believed the workers would carry on in order for them to gain their money. However the workers went on strike, meaning no money was universe produced from what was being made at the Ruhr and even more unemployed in Germany. Other factors can be damned for the political instability German approach between these age. The abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm was ahuge political agitate in Germany.Leaving Germany without its figure head meant a new government needed to be formed. The Weimar country was the new democratic government which signed the Weimar Constitution on the 11th of August 1919 in Weimar as Berlin was too dangerous due to revolutions. Friedrich Ebert was elected president on this date. Without the Kaiser the German people believed they were left without a strong leader. Although many welcomed the change to democracy, others believed that a military leadership was the only way to rebuild Germany after the war. Some even valued communism, where every one is equal with the control of a strong state. This created chaos and confusion among the firm German population. The country was not use to having a say in how the government is run and decisions that were being made which would be strange. The Weimar temper itself caused some political problems between 1919 and 1923. The first huge problem with the constitution was Proportional representation. This meant that when Germans voted for a political caller each party was then allocated seats in the Reichstag reflecting the add of people who had voted for it. It sounds fair but in fact it resulted in dozens of small parties, with no party strong enough to get a majority vote.Consequently there was no government to bring back laws in the Reichstag. Weimar also caused revolutions within Germany, for example the Kapp Putsch in March of 1920. This right wing ultranationalistic group, led by Wolfgang Kapp aimed to overthrow the government. The group consisted of members of the paramil itary Freikorps and had the support of many army officers. President Ebert wanted to disband the Freikorps, due to this the Freikorps joined forces with Wolfgang Kapp as they both wanted the same thing. Ebert was forced to leave Berlin which undermined his positioning and showed the Government to be weak. The only comeback Ebert had was to turn to the people and called for a General Strike. This was successful in making the Kapp putsch unsuccessful. However, despite the short period of time that Kapp had control of Berlin, the uprising made it progress to that there was not universal support for the Weimar Government. Other factors can be used to explain the sparing instabilities which Germany faced. For example, war costs had a large impact on the German economy.Money had to be fagged on making weapons, supplying the army with what they needed, rations etc. This caused life in Germany to be very catchy for civilians, food and other essentials werelimited. To conclude I believe that the Treaty of Versailles was only to blame for the economic instabilities Germany faced between the years 1919 to 1923. This is because the large reparations term of treaty which Germany had to pay. Reparations ruined the German economy and having 92 years with 59million to pay back it shows how low their economy must have been. However the political instabilities between 1919 and 1923 that were caused I blame on the Weimar Constitution. This is due to the revolutions, extreme party votes that were gained due to unhappy people and chaos that were caused by the new government.

Historical Photographic Processes Essay Example for Free

Historical Photographic Processes EssayThe Cyanotype, too known as the blue print outgrowth, was invented by Sir John Herschel in 1842 and made popular in the field of photography by Anna Atkins, a British botanist and photographer, who did a series of leaf prints and make a series of limited edition books of cyanotype prints (Rosenthal). The earliest examples of cyanotype photographs, therefore, consist of prints of leaf species. Cyanotypes are named for its blue-green (cyan) hue. It uses weightlessness sensitive Ammonium iron (III) citrate and potassium ferricyanide to reproduce an image. The Division of uncommon and Manuscript prayer of Cornell University explains the carry out in its website A piece of newspaper is first sensitized with a solution of ferric ammonium citrate (an iron salt) and potassium ferricyanide (a crystalline iron salt) and dried. The prepared paper is then contact, or placed in direct contact with the negative, and exposed to sunlight until an i mage begins to appear on the paper (usually about fifteen minutes). As contact prints, they are always the same size as their negatives.In the final step, the print is process in water to oxidize the iron salts and draw out the cyanotypes brilliant blue color (A. D. White Project). Since the 1980s up to the present, the blue print process is lull used by some architects and engineers because of its simple process and low cost. The Albumen Print Process The ovalbumin print process was invented by in 1850 by Louis Desire Blanquart-Evrard and became the popular photographic printing process for the next half decade A. D. White Project). It uses the albumen in egg whites to bind photographic chemicals to paper.The process begins by mixing the albumen with iodide of potassium and water. After the mixtures has been allowed to set for some time it is poured over a glass plate (or later on, on paper) which, in turn, is immersed in a bath of nitrate of fluent and glacial acetic acid to s ensitize it and make it ready for exposure in the camera. The plate is take from the camera and poured with a saturated solution of gallic acid, followed by a solution of hyposulphite of soda, and then washed over a stream of water. When dry, the picture is ready for printing (Ross).Albumen prints are prone to fading. The usual tone is yellowish with cream-colored highlights and deep chocolate brown shadows (A. D. White Project).Cited WorksA. D. White Project. Division of Rare and Manuscript Collection, Cornell University. 14 April 2005. http//cidc. library. cornell. edu/adw/cyanotype. htm. Rosenthal, Richard T. The Cynotype. Vernacular Photography. 20 March 2008. http//www. vernacularphotography. com/VPM/V1N1/the_cyanotype. htm. Ross, James. The Albumen Process. Albumen. http//albumen. stanford. edu/library/c19 /ross. html.

Midieval Church Essay Example for Free

Midieval church turn outThe schism of 1378-1415 involved a division in the church due to existence of two popes. The italians pick out a pope as St. urban VI to succeed St. Peter. The French cardinals at the same prison term ailed to assure with the italians and elected their own pope called Clement VII. One of the issues leading to the churchs division was the fact that, the christedom couldnt agree on which pope to accept. The second issue was the fact that the two popes were in two different places, ssince St. Urban remained in Rome while Clement VII withdrew to Avignon fit to Nelson (1999).In addition, Nelson also argues that there was increment corruption in both papacies,expansion of heresy and the continuation of a cchurch without real leadership or discipline. b. How the schism served to undermine the authority of the popes The portentous authority was undermined since financial decisions grew worse during avignon pontificate, as there were two papal capitals a s well as two administrations. Secular leaders also supported either matchless pope or the other causing lack of unified support to a single papacy. Furthermore, according to Nelson (1999), theological situation became difficult as the two papal organizations condemned the other.c. New Religious ideas that emerged A act of modernistic religious ideas emerged as a result of the great Schism of 1378-1415. Such religious ideas were as an stress to resolve the issue of dual papacy and try to regain a single papacy to the church. Some of these religious ideas according to Nelson (1999) included the following theological faculty of the university of Paris was asked to find a resolve to the problem, the popes were also asked to abdicste for the good of christedom, influential writers decided that monarchy was superior to the church.In addition, Priestly powers were placed in the hands of individuals which later formed the foundation for the refformation of the protestant churches. Furt hermore, intellectuals and reformists decided that the churchs sovereighnity rested on its members (Nelson, 1999). This reformists supported their ideas by arguing on the basis of the scripture according to paul and the early church, History acoording to Constantin and the council of Nicaea among others. d. How the need of the Church to re-establish authority manifested itself in the Fifteenth century.Th e church had a need to re-establish its authority was manifested in the fifteenth century in the following elbow rooms The church formed the council of Pisa according to Nelson (1999) in an attempt to find a solution. This council cardinals decided to depose both pontifs and elected a third in 1408. altogether the cardinals were excommunicated by the two popes,making matters even worse by creating a third pope. By 14 15 the issues involving the three popes such as increased corruption and heresy led to the Holy Roman emperor throwing his support behind concilliarists and arranged for another council meeting (Nelson,1999).These attempts were manifested by the church as a way of trying to resolve the issues. In this council,also reffered to as the council of constance, the three phantom popes were deposed in favour of a new pope by the name Martin V. This new pontiff was based at Rome and had a great responsibility of re-establishing the position of the pope as Gods representative on earth (Nelson, 1999). Works Cited Nelson, L. H. (1999). Lectures of a midieval survey. The great(p) Schism. Retrieved from http//www. the- orb. net/textbooks/nelson/great_schism. html . On June 6 2010.

Refugee Blues Essay Example for Free

Refugee Blues EssayThe speaker is talking to soul My dear (perhaps his wife), the language and tone is very conversational. Each stanza intensifies the situation in the poem. The first stanza brings out that the refugees atomic number 18 al-Qaidaless. Though there atomic number 18 millions in the city all of whom have some kind of home but the refugees have nowhere to go. In stanza 2, the couple cannot stay in their country. It compares two living battalion with the old yew tree. Officially dead means you cannot make passport. This section tells us how the refugees are trying to hire help.The refugees cannot leave the country due to lack of passport and hence they are described as formally dead, though they are indeed alive. The refugees are treated coldly by the committee and council. They are politely pushed aside but no real help is offered. At the public meeting the speaker demonises the refugees as thieves. This is made to incite ordinary people to hate Jews. A meta phorical storm breaks over the total of Europe continent as hitler sentences them to death. The tone of the final stanza is very bitter.The comparisons that the poet uses are testimony to these Pet animals are treated better then Jews. eg saw a Door opened and a cat let in Fish are free and Birds are free, Poet blames nazi regime for creating an environment in which inwrought things act far much better than humans. The poet further uses cruel contrast. For e. g. he has a dream of a huge building with many rooms for everybody except Jews. In the final stanza the poet enlightens a brightening future for the Jews but now Jews are hunted down by 1000s of people.

Benazir Bhutto’s Personal Life Essay Example for Free

Benazir Bhuttos Personal Life EssayShe was born at Pinto infirmary in Karachi, on 21 June 1953. She was the eldest child of former prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a Pakistani of Sindhi descent. Her paternal grandfather was Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto. Bhutto was raised to speak both English and Urdu. English was her first-class honours degree language, while she was liquid in Urdu. Despite her family being Sindhi speakers, her Sindhi skills were almost non-existent. She was a bright student and a well unnatural Lady of fine content. She served her life for Pakistan. She was Kind hearted and goal oriented person . On 18 declination 1987, she married Asif Ali Zardari in Karachi. The couple had leash children two daughters, Bakhtawar and Asifa, and a son, Bilawal. When she gave birth to Bakhtawar in 1990, she became the first advance(a) head of government to give birth while in office.Education She attended the Lady Jennings babys room School and Convent of Jesus and Mary in K arachi. later two years at the Rawalpindi Pre displaceation Convent, she was sent to the Jesus and Mary Convent at Murree. She passed her O-level examinations at the age of 15.She then went on to complete her A-Levels at the Karachi Grammar School. After completing her early education in Pakistan, she pursued her higher education in the States. From Harvard University , she obtained a knight bachelor of Arts degree. In June 2006, she received an Honorary LL.D degree from the University of Toronto .The next phase of her education took place in the United Kingdom.Bhuttos father arrested She returned to Pakistan where her father, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, had been elected prime minister, but days after her arrival, the military seized violence and her father was imprisoned. In 1979 he was hanged by the military government of General Zia Ul Haq. Bhutto herself was also arrested many times, and was detained for three years before being permitted to leave the country in 1984. She settled in London, but on with her two brothers, she founded an underground organization to resist the military dictatorship. When her brother died in 1985, she returned to Pakistan for his burial, and was again arrested for participating in anti-government r in allies. She returned to London after her release, and martial law was lifted in Pakistan at the end of the year. Anti-Zia demonstrations resumed and Benazir Bhutto returned to Pakistan in April 1986. The macrocosm response to her return was tumultuous, and she publicly called for the resignation of Zia Ul Haq, whose government had executed her father.Prime Minister She was elected co-chairwoman of the Pakistan Peoples society (PPP) along with her mother, and when free alternatives were finally held in 1988, she herself became Prime Minister. At 35, she was one of the youngest chief executives in the world, and the first woman to serve as prime minister in an Islamic country.she brought electricity to the countryside and built school s all over the country. She made hunger, housing and health care her top priorities, and looked forward to continuing to modernize Pakistan.Policies for women During election campaigns the Bhutto government voiced its c erstwhilern for womens social and health issues, including the issue of discrimination against women. Bhutto announced plans to establish womens practice of law stations, courts, and womens development banks.Charges of Corruption The French, Polish, Spanish and Swiss governments provided documentary evidence to the Pakistan government of alleged corruption by Bhutto and her husband. Bhutto and her husband faced a number of legal proceedings, including a charge of laundering money with Swiss banks. Her husband, Asif Ali Zardari, spent eight years in prison on similar corruption charges and once again, she was forced to leave her homeland. For nine years, she and her children spiritedd in exile in London, where she continued to advocate the restoration of majority r ule in Pakistan. Asif Ali Zardari was released from prison in 2004 and rejoined his family in London In the autumn of 2007, in the face of finish threats from radical Islamists, and the hostility of the government, Benazir Bhutto and her husband returned to their native country.Benazir Bhutto Murdered Although she was greeted by enthusiastic crowds, within hours of her arrival, her motorcade was attacked after a campaign rally in Rawalpindi,by a gunman who fired at her car before detonating a bomb, killing himself and more than 20 bystanders. Bhutto was rushed to the hospital, but soon succumbed to injuries suffered in the attack. In the wake of her death, orgy erupted throughout the country. The loss of the countrys most popular democratic leader plunged Pakistan into turmoil, intensifying the dangerous instability of a nuclear-armed nation in a highly volatile region.Political Testament In her political testament, Benazir Bhutto identify her son, Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, as her ch oice to succeed her as Chairman of the PPP. At the time of her death, Bialawal was only 19, still an undergrad at Oxford. The party leadership agreed that his father, Asif Ali Zardari, would serve as acting chairman of the party until Bilawal completes his studies in England. Meanwhile, the PPP entered into a broad coalition, including the party of Bhuttos former rival Nawaz Al-Sharif, and scored an overhelming victory in the 2008 election.A subdivision of the PPP, Yousaf Raza Gillani, was chosen to serve as Prime Minister. Later that year, President Musharraf resigned, and Asif Ali Zardari was elected President of Pakistan. Although Benazir Bhutto did not live to see these developments, the party she led and the causes she championed are in the ascendant, and her spirit pervades the political life of contemporary Pakistan. may Her Soul Rest In Peace,Amen