South African Breweries Essay Example for Free

randomness African Breweries EssaySAB has the leading position to produce and distribute both alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. its been registered in 1895 in London and since and so with momentous profit and prevailing market position it has develop its business in home sectors as well. SAB was fully incorporated in 1970 after the unsteady of its head office from London to Johannesburg. Government put high restriction on the expansion and international business of SAB. From 1955 to the fol pitifuling seven years beer yield was the highest taxed beverage and SAB had to respond to competitors acquisition and production and distribution rationalisation. In 1960 it took over Stellenbosch Farmers Winery and obtained brewing license locally for Amstel and Carling, Black Label and Guinnes which played major turn of its expansion. Within 1979 SAB could capture about 99 per centum South African market alongside major control over Lesotho, Swaziland and Rhodesia. SAB was the fir st physical composition in the country which published a non-discriminatory employment code in 1978. The Lion Match Company merged with SAB in 1987. SAB concentrated on evolution three mega breweries in the country in 1990 and the invention of joint venture in Zambia, Mozambique and Angola followed in the following years.The connection got dominance over 98 percent of market and confront a little left expansion in local business and tried to expand globally in 2000. It made its demeanor to central Europe in 1993 with the acquisition of the largest brewery of Hungary Dreher. In the following year it established operation in Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Russia and Slovakia. SAB had spread small business with roller Black Beer one of the breweries in United States of America as well. Then 2001 it expanded its business into Central America.In 2001 SAB had production of 77m hectolitres of alcoholic and non- alcoholic beverages and predominate as the fifth largest brewer in the world covering 21 countries. In 1990 the head quarter moved back to London. In this report i would like to narrow down my focus on SABs expansion globally by acquiring the second largest brewery of America the moth miller Brewing Company and having forward-looking name as SABMiller in 2002 and it became the second largest volume in the world. Though it is facing some profit margin difficulties in North America because its competitors argon lowering down the price of beer.To keep up with the market over there SABMiller has to compromise with the margin of profit. Challenge for the Company No arguments come when SAB admits that South African market is fully dominated by them. Though it had made some tactically poor judgment while expanding in Hungary and US market. Among the challenges SAB faced were In 2001 it acquires 58 percent interest in breweries in Hunduras and El Salvador which cost them US$ 500million. Further it spent a sum of US$5. 6 bn when it acquired Miller from Altri a. To expand its business in Western Europe SAB acquired a major company in Italy named Peroni and spent US$ 270 million.In Africa SAB had to encounter problems when for low income in Malawi the industry does not appear to be set up. Again in Ghana SAB has made its entrance where there is already good contest between Guinness and Heineken. In Nigeria governments has imposed restriction on importing brewing materials as barley. So quality and consumption dropped sharply there. After the acquisition of Miller in US SABMiller faced problem within six months. SAB had to go on with the existing CEO as head of SABMiller and later on the raped him. Altria holds 23 percent shares of SABMiller.According to some experts debates SAB has spent too much for acquiring Miller. Again SABMiller is also facing difficulties to keep up in the opposition with the competitors in US market. In addition to this in America the Beer market is in downward trend as the Americans are continuously and increas ingly round to wine than beer. This has adverse impact on SABMillers profit margin. Another market dominant competitor Anheuser-Busch (AH) upgraded its profit margin to 17. 3% by training its production where Millers and Coors has (9. 3%) and (8. 9%) respectively.Then to compete with AH SABMiller and Coors went as a joint venture which has very positive impact on their business. Policy/ strategy The long term direction and scope of a company which are aimed to achieve advantage for the organisation using its configuration or resources in a challenging surrounding is set forth strategy. In other sense strategy is -The place where the business aimed to reach in time span. -The market where the business pass on compete and activities of the competitive market -The process of doing better in this competition -Required ability or resources How to get up with the external and internal environmental factors -The value and expectation of the stakeholders According to Henry Mintzberg s trategy comprises five Ps Plan, Position, Pattern, Perspective and Poly. Andrew (1998) states the term strategy in form of decision in a company which cares identifying and disclosing the target, underlying objectives and company goals. Strategy helps to create major policy and plan to achieve company objectives. The range of the business to follow for the company is also described by strategy. Micheal Porter narrates strategy is about being different or laughable.According to him within strategy an organisation purposely sets up a unique package of activities to deliver a mix of value. Paradoxes and debates around strategy The theory of strategy is an academic field which is diversified by many experts as they evince on the base of different understanding. Thus theories derived from different experts have contradiction as well. Some of the renowned experts as Whittington (2002), Mintzberg (1990, 1998), Schendel (1994) and Kuhn (1996, 1970) have described strategy with the help o f several schools. In this study i will try to focus on Mintzberg and Whittington theories.

American Registry for Internet Numbers Essay Example for Free

American Registry for Internet Numbers Essay1. American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)- Provides work involving technical coordination and worry of internet number resources. They support the internet through the management of internet number resources and coordinates the development of policies for the management of IP number resources. They also propose services for technical coordination and management of internet number resources in its respective services region. The services include IP address space allocation and ASN allocation, transfer and videotape maintenance. B. Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)- Responsible for the allocation of globally unique names and numbers that are utilise in Internet protocols that are published as RFC documents and for coordinating some of the key components that keep the internet running efficiently. They allocate and maintain unique codes and numbering systems that are used in the technical standards/protocols that dri ve the internet. Among such protocols are the domain names, number resources and Protocol assignments. C. Asia-Pacific Network Information Center (APNIC)- An organization that manages the internet number resources within Asia. They provide the number resource allocation and registration services that support the global operation of the internet.2. An Ipv4 uses 32 bit IP addresses. The max number of of IPv4 addresses is about 4 billion.3.The max number of Ipv6 addresses is about 48 billion.4.The world ran out of Ipv4 addresses February 1, 2011. All networks must now allocate Ipv6 addresses.5. Ipv4 addresses are exhausted6. Ipv4 is still being used because the address pool supports the continual demands and extends its usefulness. Also because Ipv4 and Ipv6 are not compatible.7. No because you cant resell them.Sourceshttps//www.arin.net/https//www.iana.org/https//www.apnic.net/

School prefects generally enforce rules Essay Example for Free

School prefects generally enforce rules Essay1. Prefects have been part of the British direct system for decades, but many Americans had not heard of the concept until the advent of the Harry Potter books. School prefects are somewhat similar to the American sign of the zodiac supervise students who are basically an extension of the shallow administration and are utilized to enforce educate regulations. Prefects are usually chosen because of their maturity, leadership qualities and impregnable behavior, so being chosen as a prefectPrefects are student leaders typically chosen by their teachers or peers based on pedantic or moral merit. Generally found in private education institutions in Great Britain, the work prefect plays a role similar to that of a manor hall monitor or student body government representative. Being a prefect requires leadership, responsibility and dedication to the management and efficiency of school policy in realize to his fellow students. Prefec ts are assigned area-specific duties on a daily basis to make sure school standards are continuously maintained.1. Monitor Designated Areas* Prefects usually monitor one or more specific areas of the school, such as the hallways, library, common areas, lunchroom, bathrooms and assembly rooms. It is each prefects job to know when and where he is on duty at all times. But prefects are never off duty altogether, and may still administer discipline in an area they are not not assigned. In general, monitoring an area entails ensuring the students are maintaining substantially behavior, that there is no yelling, running, loitering or early(a) disorderly behavior, and that the area is kept clean and free of trash. Prefects in addition must make sure any queue lines are orderly and that movement in and out of the area is carried out in an effective and competent manner.2.Uphold School Rules and Regulations* Prefects are, above all, leaders and role models for their fellow students. As s uch, it is important that they embody, follow and uphold all school rules and regulations, including dress and behavior codes. They should treat other students with dignity and respect, attempting to solve all disciplinary matters without physical action or intimidation. Prefects should remind their fellow students of the rules without arguing or debating the topic, and should discipline everyone in the same manner, leave out personal or emotional payback. *3.Report Incidents* When a prefect cannot handle a difficult situation himself, he must report the incident according to school policy. Reportable incidents include intimidation or abuse of fellow students, damage to personal or school property, breaking school rules and situations of severe personal disrespect. Methods of report incidents include notifying a senior prefect, a teacher or other administrator, or by filling out a form which leaves the situation to be dealt with by an appropriate staff member. Students will them b e reprimanded or punished according to school policy for the specific matter. it has its irritations, is considered an honor.4.Lead by Example* One of the just about important duties of a interrogative boy is to lead by example. Each day at school, he must act in keeping with school rules and regulations, keeping in mind that other students will look to him for behavioral clues. This includes showing up to class on time, participating in school events, maintaining good grades and showing school spirit at sporting events.5.Represent the SchoolHead boys are often required to be ambassadors for their school at events around the county or even the country. At these events, which may include festivals and conferences, the head boy may speak on behalf of the student body, volunteer or man a school booth. At school parents evenings6.Organize Prefect Duties* The head boy is responsible for organizing school prefects, who are leaders from each grade level. He must plan and assign duties, h ead meetings, explain the rules and regulations and is often the first line for prefect conflicts. The head boy ensures that prefects are taking care of their supervisory responsibilities and may speak with teachers to discuss any issues.7.Participate on Committees* During the course of a school year, the head boy is responsible for serving on various committees to plan school events. He may head up committees for dances, school carnivals, newspaper activities, clubs or other organized events. He may also handle fund-raising events.8.Read Daily Bulletins* Depending on the school, the head boy may register daily announcements, whether it be over a loudspeaker system or in person at assembly.9.Resource for Students * The head boy is often the person jr. students go to when they are having problems with bullies or when they run into other trouble at school. Depending on the school, the head boy has a varying level of authority in such situations, but is always able to give advice and may organize a mediation session when necessary.

Israeli Air Force Experience In Bekaa Valley War

Israeli Air pluck Experience In Bekaa v aloneey war1. The whole world argues whether the grappleing between Israel, PLO and Syrians during Beckaa Valley war should be frontn as WAR or just one more tragic surge in violence in the decades-long struggle between Israel and the Palestinians/Arabs. However, the war fought by the three parties has a great impact on a plentitude of aspects such as technology, strategy and the remains used to conduct the war. This paper studies the war in term of lessons learnt in modern radiate battle with primaeval focus on Electronic Warfare (EW), word forms of changes in Israelis tactic and capabilities and implication of the war on todays modern air battle in term of training, searching, surprise, overshadow control and communication (C3) and electronic combat. This also will help readers to have better and in-depth understanding on how Electronic warfare can be utilize effectively and the importance of certain strategy assets for a ter ra firma to defend its self in coming(prenominal) war or mesh. RMAF air armament pressure philosophy defined the role of RMAF during war. Roles played by the Israelis Air Force (IAF) during Beckka Valley war will enable readers to have better understanding of RMAF roles during war.AIM2. This luff of the paper is to moot Israeli Air Force experience in Bekaa Valley war in term of application of modern air cause and its relevant lessons to Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF). In doing so, this paper pays particular attention to employment of Electronic Warfare (EW) during the war and its relations to roles of RMAF. flat coat4. On 6 June 1982, Israel defense Force invaded Lebanon in a campaign which, would run short the most controversial military action in Israels history. Operation calmness for Galilee or know as Beckaa Valley War was gear uped to meet five Israelis landal strategy goals1a. Eliminate the PLO terror to Israels northern border.b. Destroy the PLO infrastructu re in Lebanon.c. Remove Syrian military presence in the Bekaa Valley.d. Create a stable Lebanese authorities.5. The Israelis population consists of Jewish who practice the religion of Judaism while the Arabs on the other hand practice Islam as their religions. According to their bible (Tanakh) the Jewish were told that they will chastise their enemies and put on control of this land no matter who is the enemy. In Koran the Islamic bible the Arabs also was promised the same land. In 1948, when the Jews formed the State of Israel, the conflict between Arabs and Israelis started and they have fought continuously through divulge history2.6. Lebanon a country comprises of two major religion groups Catholic and Muslims. It was part of Syria before the French separate it 1861. The Catholic wanted a pro western government however the Muslim wanted a government based on Islam. In 1926 the Lebanese leaders came to a power sharing agreement that the electric chair should be a Catholic whil e the Prime Minister a Sunni3.7. People Liberation Organization (PLO) was established in Jerusalem in 1964, with of import Objective to destroy the Israel and gain complete control of Palestine. In Lebanon, the PLO created State within a state gained the support of Muslim population and declared the constitutions of power sharing agreement as obsolete. They collected their own taxes, funded its own school and organized a military that able to challenge Israelis northern border4.8. The study of Bekaa Valley war must(prenominal) understand why the Israelis invaded. One of the main reasons for the Invasion was, PLO shelling of northern Israel from the end of 1973 till 1982. During this period PLO manages to launch 1,548 uprise advancements and killing almost 103 people. Usually, the Israelis responded with air raid, border raid and snack counter shelling as preventive measures. In 1978, Israelis started to lose patient on PLO as a result of failures of their preventive measure. M arch 1978, Israelis launched Operation Litani with purpose of driving the PLO north of Litani River in Lebanon and create a 25 KM soften zone. The purpose of this buffer zone was the have an area of free PLO so that they could non launch any rocket outrage5.9. United Nation manages to pressure and forced the Israel to recess and replaced by its own force. The aim of UN was to maintain peace within the buffer zone and reestablishes the Lebanese government. However, the peace did non last long when the PLO starting to take control and began to continue their attacks on northern Israel borders. On 3rd June 1982, Shlomo Argov Israelis ambassador to the United Kingdom was shot by terrorist. The Israelis who needed a reason infernal the PLO and at 1100 on 6 Jun 1982 the Israelis defense force launched operation Peace for Galilee6.RESEARCH QUESTION10. The following question is examined while doing this papera. What are the blusher factors to supremacy of Israelis Air Force (IAF)?b. What type off assets employed by the IAF to compass success?c. What strategy used to cripple the PLO and Syrian by IAF? literature REVIEWINVASION PLANS11. Israel Defense Force (IDF) intentionning for an invasion of Lebanon began in 1978. The lessons learned from the operation Litani formed the basis of the Pine Tree intend. The invasion plan comprised of three alternative plans. The first plan called for an invasion 40 kilometers into Lebanon. Its purpose was to destroy the PLO in the south and their ability to terrorize northern Israeli settlements7.12. The game plan was a more ambitious version of the first. The IDF would advance as far north as the vicinity of Beirut. The advantage of this plan was that it would include the PLO training and operational base at Damour, some 12 kilometers south of Beirut8.13. The third and most ambitious plan, called Big Pines, included war against both the PLO and the Syrians. This plan called for the seizing of Lebanese territory including B eirut. Civilian leadership generally upgrade the first plan. However, Defense Minister Sharon and some high-ranking military leaders favored the larger war of the third plan. The plan that was officially approved remains in question9.COMBAT CAPABILITY14. Apart from planning the invasion the Israelis also started developing their assets as preparation for the invasion. Even though, Israelis dependent heavily on American technology. However, they manage to develop their own technology. The table bellows show the increment of IAF assets from 1973 to 1982 (source the military balance 1973 and 1982).Manpower19731982Reqular15,00030,000Reserve20,00037,000Equipment19731982Combat aircraft488634F-4E Phantom95138Mirrage III3524A-4 Skyhawk160174F-1540F-1674Kfir160surface-to-air missile10 Hawk bty15 Hawk btyTable 1 Israelis rapid development of assets from 1973 to 1982RMAF ROLES15. Air Power is defined as the ability to project military force in air or from flatform or missiles operating above the surface nation RMAF primary mission is to defend the sovereignty and integrity of the nation and its interests through the proper and effective use of aerospace power. In order to carry out this mission RMAF define its roles in air power doctrine so that employment of assets and manpower can be utilize to the fullest in war10.16. RMAF air strategies fall essentially into four broad roles11a. Counter Air role.b. Force Application role.c. Force Enhancement role.d. Force Sustenance role.17. Tables bellow defined the roles in details12ROLESOPERATIONSMISSIONSTASKSCOUNTER parentageOCAAirfield set onTo attack Aircraft on ground, Ammo and Fuel dump, C4I, Airfield facilities.Fighter SweepSeek and destroy airborne aircraft,SEADDestroy, neutralise, and degrade Radars and early warning systems, surface-to-air missiles, AAA.DCAGAIIntercept, Identify, Shadow, Intervene and/or Force down, or Engage enemy aircraft.CAPEscortsProtect FGA aircraft or HVAA.Table 2 Examples of Counter Air roles and its operations and missionsROLESOPERATIONSMISSIONSTASKSFORCE coveringSTRATEGIC ATTACKTo destroy, neutralise, degrade or disruptCOG and Vital points.Destroy, neutralise and degrade HQ, key industries, and fielded forces and infrastructures.INTERDICTIONTo destroy, neutralise, degrade, disrupt or delay LOC, War sustaining and military potential beyond the battlefield.Destroy, degrade, delay supply depot, HQ.OFFENSIVE transport attendant (OAS)BAIDestroy, neutralise or delay land forces, LOC, war machines, bridges.CASMARITIME AIR OPERATIONS (MAO)ASuWDetect, identify, neutralise, destroy, ships, mine laying,ASWDetect, locate, track, submarine, mine laying.ARMED RECCEOpportunity targets within the battlefield.Locating and contend personnel, material and facilities.Table 3 Examples of Force application roles and its operations and missionsROLESOPERATIONSMISSIONSTASKSFORCE sweeteningAIRLIFTScheduled services.Movement of personnel and supplies.Airborne operations.Airdrop of personnel or cargo.Air logistic support.Distribute or reform personnel and materiel.Special air operations.Insertion and extraction of special forces, leaflet drop, voice broadcast.Aero-medical evacuation.MEDEVAC, CASEVAC, BODEVAC.AIR-TO-AIR REFUELLING (AAR)Towline AAR missions. raise air-to-air refuelling.Trail AAR missions.AEW C primeval warning and Surveillance.Provide information on enemy activity provide air picture to AD forces C2, maritime surv.Control of air operationsControl, admonisher and direct OCA missions, manage AAR assets, align rescue, assist in navigation.Weapons control.Control fighters, fortify heli and GBAD.ELECTRONIC WARFARE (EW)ESMSearch, intercept, identify and locate EM emissions.electronic countermeasuresElectronic jamming, neutralisation or magic of en C2, EM capabilities, acquisition and targeting and combat capabilities, launching active decoys like chaff and flares.EPMSpoofing, inserting erroneous information.ISR OPERATIONS strategical recce.Strategic warn ing, provide info for RD and branch systems acquisition.Operational recce.Weather and geographical recce, defining vulnerable and vital enemy elements.Tactical recce.BDA, combat assessment, tactical threat warning, target imagery.SPECIAL FORCE OPERATIONSUnconventional warfare, direct action, Combating terrorism, special recce, Civil affairs, PSYOPS, Information operations, Counter proliferationCollect intelligence, sabotage, espionage, rescue, target laser designation, path-finding.Table 4 Examples of Force Enhancement roles and its operations and missionsROLESOPERATIONSMISSIONSTASKSFORCE SUSTENANCEBASE DEFENCE OPSBase active air defenceDefend from air attack (SHORAD, AAA).Base passive air defenceCCD, dispersion, air raid warning, reconstitution, recuperation.Base securityAnti sabotage, espionage, insertion, infiltration.BASE SUPPORT OPSTrainingReceive, Induct, Special skills.OperationsProvide ATC, airfield, rescue, fire fighting, wx and C4I services.MaterialSupply, RD, clothing, re fuelling, ammunition transportation, rations.MaintenanceServicing, repair, testing, salvage, refurbish, manufacture.AdministrationOrganising, Planning, Finance, Religious and Medical services, Welfare Discipline, Law and order and Accommodation.LOGISTICS OPERATIONSMaterialAcquisition, Movement, Distribution, Storage, Maintenance, Disposition.PersonnelMovement, Evacuation, Medical care.FacilitiesAcquisition, Construction, Maintenance, Disposition, Operation. functionAcquisition or Furnishing.CSARSearch, Locate and Rescue.Downed Aircrew or Distressed personnel.Table 4 Examples of Force Sustenance roles and its operations and missionsDISCUSSIONTRAINING18. The lesson learnt from the previous conflict prompt the Israelis to have better preparation for the invasion during the Beckaa Valley War. One of their main preparations was training. The main objective of the training was to get the personnel to know in dept of whats going to happen during the actual invasion. Massive training conduc ted at the borders involving numerous personnel and assets. Advancement in technology is key assets to IAF. However, in order to achieve success the IAF personnel need to understand and have experience in handling this equipment.19. The IAF conducted extensive northern border training exercise which acted as narration for incoming invasion. The exercise was conducted for the period of 13 months which include rehearsal of sorties against simulated SAM-6 target at northern desert. This countless rehearsals eliminate many problems that the planners did not see when drafting the invasion plan. This rehearsal also intended to create planed desensitization of the PLO and Syrians. Fearing the invasion is on the way the PLO and the Syrians reacted to first few training exercises. However due(p) to the tonic fatigue the PLO and Syrians ignored the following training exercises including the actual invasion.INTELLIGENT20. Electronic Warfare (EW) involves action to control electromagnetic sp ectrum or directed push button this action will impede the enemy potential or ability use the electromagnetic spectrum. Electronic signal Intelligent (ELINT) is a way to gathering intelligent by use of electronic sensor. Signal identification is carried out by analyzing the collected parameters of specific signal to know its criteria, this data usually passing classified and protected. The gathered data usually pertinent to the enemy defense network especially the electronic part such as radar and surface-to-air missiles system.21. As preparation for the invasion the IAF remotely piloted vehicles (RPV) overflew the area where the Syrians position their SAMs. These RPVs collected the intelligence which later used to develop the attack plan. The IAF use two assets in achieve the ELINT mission. The Mastiffs contained gyro stabilized television and high resolution camera which proven its effectiveness in photo reconnaissance. The Scouts is configured to carryout ELINT mission, picke d up the radar emissions which enable the fingerprinting of the Syrians SAM radar. Both this assets able to deliver the information picked up directly to airborne or ground command mail service for immediate analysis.22. Information gathered by the RPVs proven its effectiveness when the IAF manage to carry out their Suppression of Enemy Air Dense (SEAD) operation accurately and effectively.SURPRISE23. Surprise depends on the initiative and is made more attainable by the versatility of the aerospace power. Where, when or how the enemy is struck is relatively independent of where and how and air force are postured Surprise is air power strongest advantage (air Power doctrine).24. During Beckaa Valley war the IAF was able to achieve real surprise in the invasion because of Palestinians alert fatigue or cry wolf syndrome. The planed desensitization of PLO and Syrians worked when the IAF actually invaded Lebanon their ninth exercise and found that no real resistance from the PLO and Syr ians. The PLO assume that, they had developed a deterrent to an Israelis invasion and the Syrians assumed that an attack to their SAM side is too risky for the IAF based on high losses that IAF suffered in previous conflict. guardianship element of surprise in hand, along with good plan and precise intelligent IAF achieved success in Beckaa Valley war.COMMAND, CONTROL AND COMMUNICATION (C3)25. C3 technology encompasses the capability to acquire, process and disseminate information across the force. The capability must be reliable, provide secure multilevel gate, and be protected from enemy attacks. This will train advances not only in computing hardware and software but in the interconnecting fabric of communications.An important point to realize is that C3 is a humankind function. The method by which command and control is carried out is the C3 system, which serves to augment the cognitive functions of the individual engaged in command and control. A complex C3 system is an int egrated combine of people, procedures, and hardware used to enhance the ability of the individual performing command and control.26. IAF commanders proved that effective C3 is an important ingredient to successfully integrate combined armed effort. The IAF projected the role of C3 as the nervous system and the tactical commanders act as the brain. Two main assets that participate in C3 efforts was Israelis version of Boeing 707 and E-2C Hawkeyes. The Boeing 707 serves primarily as an electronic support measure (ESM) and electronic counter measure (ECM). ESM involves gathering of information while ECM involve in jamming and deception of enemy communication. The E-2C served as airborne command post, on this aircraft the tactical commanders was able to process real time intelligent, develop true picture of the tactical situation, coordinate its offensive assets with the proper timing, monitor the attack live and assess the effectiveness of the attack.SUPPRESSION OF ENEMY AIR DEFENSE27 . Once the training rehearsal completed, adapted intelligent was gathered and setup of effective C3 is done the IAF went into action. To make a way for easy air battle its important to IAF to launch SEAD operation which is shared into 3 phases.28. The first phase involve deception which stimulate the Syrians radar into action. The IAF launch RPVs over the target to re-verify the location of the SAM sides and their radar frequencies. The slow promote of the RPVs did not generate interest of the Syrians who thought another training rehearsal is ongoing. Combined with the ground forces the IAF launches Samsons and Delilahs decoys which received attention of Syrians because of the size and speed of this decoys similar to attacking aircraft when viewed on radar screen. IAF also launches these decoys in the direction of the sun to degrade Syrians optical guidance system which leaves them to relay on their radar. The Syrians took the bait as the launch their missiles towards the incomin g decoys and increase their vulnerabilities to anti radiation syndrome missiles (ARM). The Boeing 707 sensor confirms the Syrians radar was fully activated and when they were on first reloads cycle the second phase was launched.29. The second phase involved a lot of activities into effective get toment and suppression operation. The Boeing 707 now uses its ECM capability start jamming the Syrians radar. The jamming activites is not only carried out by the Boeing 707 it also involves ground based jammers and airborne jammers located on attach helicopters. Artillery fire with the aim of the targets adjusted by image from the RPVs started to harass the SAM operators. The SAM site also bombarded with 105mm Howitzer cannon and the same time the IAF launches chaff dispensing rockets to emphasis the jamming technique. With radar screen blinded and the operators molest by the artillery fire, the IAF went into action. The F-4E launches Shrike and standard ARM missiles which homed in on th e radar antenna. Once the attack was completed the tactical commanders was able to influence the remaining SAM that need to be destroyed.30. The final phase of the SEAD operation concentrated on destroying the remaining Syrians SAM. E-2C Hawkeyes now vectored the IAF F-16s, A-4 and Kfir through undefended area to carry out attack on surviving radar vans and SA-6 missiles launchers. The IAF use multiple ammunition in this attack such standoff ammunitions, cluster bombs and general purpose bombs. The Syrians tried to fight back with launching the remaining missile, but due to the jamming effect their missiles lack of target acquisitions and target tracking the was ineffective towards IAF high maneuverable aircraft.THE AIR BATTLE.31. The Israelis again utilize RPVs, Boeing 707 and E-2C Hawkeyes for the air battle. When the Syrians MiGs takes off from their air field the Israelis commander was able to watch live image feed through the RPVs loitering over chief Syrian airfield. The E-2C Hawkeyes also was able to watch the MiGs takeoff using APS-125 radar which able to detect and track target up to 250 miles and ALR-59 passive detection system able to detect and classify target up to 500 miles. Using this advance technology the controller on board of the E-2C Hawkeyes vectored IAF F-15s and F-16s fighter to intercept the Syrian MiGs. The Syrians used Russian fighter tactic which highly dependent on ground controlled intercept (GCI). However, when the Syrians radar and communication line was jammed they were literally become sitting duck for IAF F-15s and F-16 fighter.LESSON LEARNEDCOUNTER AIRx. Counter air defined as the use of air power to deter, contain or defeat the enemy air forces. It assures the friendly use of the environment while denying its use to an enemy. Counter air roles can be carve up into the following roles.x. Offensive counter air (OCA) To destroy, disrupts or confines enemy air power at their source and prevents them from conducting their own counter air campaign.x. Defensive counter air (DCA) rent interceptors, escorts, armed helicopters or GBAD against enemy forces threatening to engage own forces or facilities or infiltrate our airspace.X. During the Beckaa Valley war the Israelis demonstrated how to apply counter air role in war. They showed how OCA able to achieve air superiority and open a getaway for DCA operation where they carried out the SEAD operation.FORCE APPLICATIONx. arm Reconnaissance is part of operation that carried out for force application roles. Mission is designed to for the purpose of locating and attacking targets of probability. It is a form of interdiction against opportunity targets in a designated area or along lines of communication within the battlefield. Control of the electronic spectrum showed how an integrated plan using RPVs, decoys, chaff and anti radiation missiles (ARM) can be used to terrorize the enemy. The ability to control electronic spectrum also will tremendously reduce the losses of friendly aircraft.FORCE ENHANCEMENTIt multiplies the combat effectiveness of air and surface forces and increases the ability of these forces in non-combatant roles. The main operations applied at Beckaa Valley are Airborne Early ensample Command (AEWC) which employed using Boeing 707 and E-2C Hawkeye aircraft. Intelligent, surveillance and recce used the RPVs to carry out the mission. Employment of EW using various method, technique and equipment determine the success of IAFThe Israelis demonstrated how the proper combination of air and land operation can cause devastating defeat of the enemy. Land based support through jammers, artillery, rocket, and missiles not only contribute but the cause huge damage to Syrian e SAMs. This action shows how important for the nation armed forces to concentrated all the weapon system available to achieve one goal.x. Israelis manage all the assets available to them through effective use of 3C they demonstrated in any war the access or defense of C3 can make huge difference to determine the success of the mission. Having access to real-time intelligent benefited the Israelis to have better situational awareness and denial the Syrians of C3 create confusion within the Syrian forces and this is become the key for Israelis success at Beckaa Valley.x. Capability of having advance technology compare to your enemy will determine the success of any war. During Beckaa Valley the Israelis is well equipped with advance technology from the Americans. Even tough, the Syrians are equipped with the Russian technology but it is well known that the Russian was never fully transferred their full capability or technology to any country. The F-15 and F-16 is way much superior fighter compare to their adversary the Migs 21 and 23. Losing the C3 causing the MiGs lost direction and become practice target for the Israelis fighter.CONCLUSIONIt is easier and more effective to destroy the enemys aerial power by destroying his nests and e ggs on the ground than to hunt for his flying birds in the air. Gen Giulio Douhetx. The Beckaa Valley war is an operation launched to achieve the Israelis national goal. To achieve this goals the Israelis demonstrated how a proper training, outstanding C3, intelligent gathering, control of electromagnetic spectrum and advance technology able determine the success of a war.RECOMMENDATIONTRAININGx. As proven during Beckaa Valley war a proper training will determine the success of the war. RMAF has to plan the training according to the future needs especially paying particular attention into the electronic warfare. EW had to be implied to all officers and others ranks starting from the basic training, EW should be included in training syllabus of recruits and cadet officers.x. Theory training must continue with practical training so that when the actual conflicts take place the personnel knows what to do. Currently RMAF are conducting EW training at Pusat Latihan Peperangan Khas (PLPE) . However, the training which divided into basic and advance training lack of practical training. Lack off assets is a factor contributing factor for lack of practical training. RMAF had to revise the procural plan so that it will include more EW assets and proper training can be carried out utilizing these equipments.ELECTRONIC WAR FARE SUPPORT CENTER (EWSC)x. EWSC was set up in 1995 to support the HAWK fleet EW operation. However the operations have not achieved its goal due to short equipment. The F-18D has the capability of airborne self protection jammer but this equipment is only operating within the F-18 fleet. The latest procurement of sophisticated fighter the Su-30MKM incorporates the advance EW system again this system is operating within the Sus. RMAF will not achieve success on EW if the current trend of buying is not changed. each proposal of new EW system need to be studied thoroughly by EWSC and ensure the procurement can be integrated to all RMAF platformsx. EWSC must play more critical role during peace time. Analysis of data captured is critical for usage during conflict. Proper equipment has to be procured to support more advance function of EWCS. Interoperability between aircraft needs to be improved and RMAF had to make a clear requirement for the future needs so that it will tally by the way the war in future will be fought.ASSETSx. When we talk about assets for future conflict before we make any recommendation lets look of what our neighbors haveCountry (Singapore) EW equipmentCapabilityGround SIGINT OperationCapable of comprehensively and systematically monitor communication out to 2,000 KM somewhat the IslandAirborne SIGINT Operation2 x C-130 equipped with Israelis technology to carry out SIGINT, COMINT, ELINT mission6 x Fokker-50 Maritime iceman Mark-2 maritime patrol aircraft equipped with modern SIGINT systemAble to carry out EW mission from Australia, Andaman sea, west coast of Malaysia, Thailand and Myanmar.Unmanned windy Vehicle (UAV)40 X Searcher Mark IIIsraelis made Scout UAVAble to carry out task/mission that risk to human pilot, slow speed and low penetration will avoid radar detection and carry out SIGINT, ELINT and COMINT mission.Airborne Early type4 X E-2C HawkeyesBetter coverage compare to ground radar and able to become airborne command post.Table 2 Singapore EW capability.x. Based on the table above can we determine where do we stand in term of EW? Are we able to defend our nation if we are under attack? These are some of the question that will hunt RMAF if we do happen to have conflict with our neighbors. Current RMAF assets are not capable of conducting EW campaign, even though we do have some EW elements on HAWK, F-18s and Su-30MKM but the usage is very limited. We recommend that RMAF to look into the future procurement list and start listing the following EW assets if we want to achieve success on EW conflictx. UAVx. Airborne Early archetype Command System.x. Ground base or airborne based jammer system.X Protection of our communication line through Frequency hopping systems

Lustration In Czech Republic And Slovakia Social Policy Essay

Lustration In Czech country And Slovakia genial Policy analyzeTwenty years after the Velvet Revolution resulting in the change of regime, common feeling prevailing in both, Slovakia and the Czech Republic is disillusion. According to the up-to-the-minute polls of STEM agency, forty years of communistic oppression would non discourage 12.3% Czechs to vote for the commie Party in next election. In Slovakia, the commie Party would enjoy only when 3.1% set up as FOCUS agency discovered. However, it cannot be concluded that Czechs excused leading and collaborators of former regime whereas Slovaks did not.These figures have to be seen in the light of approaches Slovakia and the Czech Republic engage in coping with their communist past. Absence of the lustration virtue in Slovakia caused that leaders and collaborators of former regime pervaded into bare-ass political system easily, and now can be found in many other parties throughout the political spectrum, apart from the com munist Party. Thus, their actual support cannot be verified. Whereas, the lustration police in the Czech Republic disqualified leaders and collaborators of former regime from holding public positions.This es secernate tries to argue that although approaches Slovakia and the Czech Republic pursued in coping with their communist past were completely different, surprisingly, none of them led to satisfactory outcomes. This essay primarily presents strengths and weaknesses of the lustration law adopt in 1991, as it applied to the Czech Republic and Slovakia together until its dissolution in 1993. Moreover, with minor changes, it has been valid since then in the Czech Republic. On the conflicting, in Slovakia it expired in 1996. This essay describes unfavourable consequences of absence of the lustration law in Slovakia. However, it to a fault mentions harms its existence and strict enforcement did in the Czech Republic.While existence a common state, Czechs and Slovaks pursued the very(prenominal) attitude in coping with their communist past. Its federal Assembly passed the lustration law as the first position communist government on October 4, 1991. This law stated precisely who can and cannot hold certain public positions. A person who was member of State Secret Police (hereinafter referred to as StB), resident, agent, owner of combination flat, informer, ideological or conscious collaborator of StB, high-ranked official of the Communist Party, member of Peoples Militias, student, or researcher at one of the KGB universities for longer than three months, was excluded from public usage (Act on Lustration 1991). In addition, this law specified much precisely category conscious collaborator as person recorded in StB files as confident(p) or candidate for collaboration (1991).The lustration law, valid until 1996, obliged everyone holding a leading public position, including public enterprises, courts, media outlets and higher education institutions to req uire the Interior Ministry for lustration certificate, of 8-euro pass judgment (Lustration Act 1991). However, lustrations happened even before putting the lustration law into life. The Federal Assembly already in January that year passed a resolution in accordance with entirely members of parliament, ministers, their deputies and civil servants had to be screened for StB collaboration.It did not take long until the first ethical concerns were raised round both, the resolution and the lustration law. Roman David mentions that the International Labour Organisation criticized them for organism discriminatory towards the expression of political opinion and human rights groups for violating the right to express, associate, be free from discrimination, and participate in public life (2004, 790).The headlines of internationally respected dailies called lustrations in Czechoslovakia Witch Hunts, Hunts for Villains (New York Times 1991) or Grounds for New In rightnesss (Le Monde 1992), d escribing them as threats to democracy, fragile anyway at that time. Many scholars mention that new policy makers used incisively contrary argument, defending lustrations as a mean to build and strengthen democracy. They believed if leaders and collaborators with former regime were tending(p) public troth, it would undermine democracy. (David 2004, 795 Williams 2003, 2)In this regard, it is difficult, if not impossible to decide who was wrong and right. However, it is possible to define the strengths and weaknesses of the lustration law from 1991.First, the criticism of the lustration law based on the deprivation of political rights does not hold the water. It prevented leaders and collaborators of former regime from public employment, but as Roman David argues the right to public employment was deliberately omitted from the European Convention of Human Rights (2004, 797). Moreover, he adds that the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia from 1948 to 1989 was a monolithic organisation which excluded opposition, prohibited discussion and did not al natural depression free elections (2004, 799). It cannot be considered standard political party as it does not fulfil general criteria of a political party recognized in democracy. Thus, it can hardly claim the same legal protection which is given to other parties. (2004, 799)Furthermore, public employment is identified with certain determine. Roman David uses an example of USA where the Supreme Court has confirmed several qualifications for public employees, such as trust, integrity and competency, fitness and loyalty and impartiality, fairness and effectiveness (2004, 797). This shows that the public employment demands exemplary behaviour. Can more or lessone who contributed to oppression of others be an example for others? Does he hold these values?When identifying former regime and its actors, its crimes should not be overlooked. According to the Czech Office for the Documentation and the Investigation of the Cri mes of Communism, from 1948 to 1989, 205 486 persons were imprisoned and 248 persons were executed for political reasons, 282 persons died when trying to cross westerly borders, and 21 440 persons were placed in forced weary camps from 1948 to 1953. Besides, these figures do not include damages of those, who were deprived from possibility to study, work in their field, and were exposed to unceasing pursuit of StB and regular interrogations, during which StB members were not reluctant to use violent practices.The Communist Party not only gave consent to these practices carried out by the Peoples Militias that was armed forces of the Communist Party and by StB, it encouraged them to use them. Would not their former members be a threat to unstable democracy in Czechoslovakia, if they were given a retrieve to participate in public decisions? Knowing the context, is not surprising that after 1989 new policy makers took uncompromising stance towards leaders and collaborators with form er regime and brush off them from political life.However, while one ethical concern was solved, another popped up. If a dismissal from public employment was legitimate, then who to dismiss was in question. As nobody is black and white, simple division on bad and good proved to be impossible for a whole variety reasons. Certainly, thousands of people collaborated with former regime voluntarily for personal gains, fully aware of harms their actions caused to others. However, with new lustrations becoming public, new life stories disclosed proved it was not always the case. Some people seemed to be forced to agree on collaboration. Simply, they had no other choice if they wanted to protect their families and friends, keep their employment, study at universities or even if they wanted to carry on dissenting against regime. Who could say s/he was in such situation and decided not to collaborate? A handful could.The political party globe against Violence (hereinafter referred to as VP N), created after 1989 mostly from dissidents was one of the firsts that decided to verify whether their candidates ranked to this handful and screened them for StB collaboration. If they were positive (meaning, they had records in StB files as collaborators), either they resigned or we withdrew them from their position. These were solemn days. We saw life stories of people who were broken in prisons, uranium mines, during their travels abroad or simply at work. Some of them were our long-time friends, Fedor Gal, Slovak dissident and co-founder of VPN recalls (tyzden 2009). It turned out some of leaders of the Velvet revolution had records in StB files as hostile persons, but as collaborators at the same time. The situation got complicated. Was it right to use the same stripe for everyone? Moreover, when the definition of categories excluded from public employment in the lustration law proved to be imprecise.However, no controversy could be found in respect to high-ranked official s of the Communist Party, the same could not be said about StB collaborators and members of Peoples Militias. High positions in the Communist Party were to be queued. Everyone who reached this hierarchic level within the system not only decided voluntarily, but also had to put much effort in order to reach it. As Roman David argues, Only devoted and loyal candidates were allow membership. He stresses these were aware of illicit aims of the Communist Party (2004, 802). The StB collaborators were also conscious members. However, in some cases StB members blackmailed them in order to make them sign the agreement on co-operation.Still, the biggest loophole occurred in the category of Peoples Militias members. As Roman David emphasises, even though Peoples Militias helped to oppress the opposition during the communist coup in February 1948, they did not necessarily know this was its inclination when they entered the organization. Later on, when they realized it, they could not disjoin the organization, as it was almost impossible with any communist organisation. (2004, 802)Furthermore, not everyone who entered the Peoples Militias even after the communist coup divided its purposes. The circumstances varied from case to case. This essay would use the case of Milan Kuta, published in the New York Times. Milan Kuta was respected oncologist when he was offered to lead the Oncology amount of money in not very favourite Czech town Chomutov in 1985. In order to get this employment, he had to enter the Communist Party and provide the Peoples Militias with first-aid courses. Never being active in political life before, he decided to accept the offer, as he knew it was the only way for the centre to get appropriate monetary resource and for him to get more interesting job. However, in 1991, after the lustration law was enforced, he as the director of state-owned medical centre found himself in unpleasant situation. plan of attack under the category inconsistent with pu blic employment, he had to resign from his position. (New York Times 1992) Nowadays, Milan Kuta still works in the Oncology Centre in Chomutov and is considered renowned specialist in his field.If a image of the lustration law were simplified to being a mean inflicting punishment on collaborators with former regime for their past wrongdoings, it would be difficult to say what Milan Kuta did wrong. Furthermore, in this case, it would be also difficult to defend the lustration as a mean to build and strengthen democracy. How would democracy be endangered if Milan Kuta stayed in his post? He was not active in the Communist Party, and he never collaborated with StB. The only criticism could come from giving Peoples Militias first-aid courses. First, was this inherently bad? Second, could this be compared to pursue people and oppressing their fundamental rights? It hardly could. Thus, was not a burden of collective guilt too heavy for Milan Kuta? Not only he loosed his post in the Onco logy Centre, he had to face a disdain of society. Moreover, Milan Kuta was not the only case. Many people were harmed by imprecise definition of some categories inconsistent with public employment according to the lustration law and by the principle of collective guilt, it imposed.Finally, also the credibility of StB files was questionable. Political leaders, old as well as new, in both countries chop-chop realized these could be useful tools for political blackmailing. Pavel Zacek, the Czech historian from The Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes in Prague claims, StB files were manipulated and thousands of them possibly destroyed by StB, but also the Communist Party, Peoples Militias, and army immediately after the Velvet revolution (SME 2009). This suspicion puts another question mark behind the legitimacy of the lustration law in Czechoslovakia.The lustration law passed in 1991 in Czechoslovakia was important step in preventing leaders and collaborators with former r egime from shifting newly built democracy tail end to dictatorship. However, it was step uncertain, oblivious(predicate) of direction it wanted to take and of destination, it wanted to reach. The categories of people affected by the lustration law were too broad. The public employment covered significant part of the labour market after 1989. Thus, too many people were deprived from public employment and the lustration law did not differentiate among them. A doctor giving first-aid courses to Peoples Militias was in the same position as member of StB pursuing and interrogating innocent people.The lustration law from 1991 was common basis for both countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. However, Czechs were initiators and insisted on the lustration law more than Slovaks, which proved to be true after the break up of Czechoslovakia in 1993 as well. As Nadya Nedelsky mentions, while the Czech Republic kept the lustration law, prolonged its validity in 1995 and in 2000, though the president Vaclav Havel vetoed its prolongation both times, Slovakia let the lustration law expired in 1996 and never enacted it again. (2004, 76, 66) In the Czech Republic, the lustration law was amended in 2000, granting an exemption to persons born after the 1st celestial latitude 1972. These, if having interest in public employment were not obliged to submit either lustration certificate or statutory declaration (Amendment of Lustration Act 2000).There are several reasons explaining diverged approaches in dealing with communist past. Most often, scholars argue that the regime was not equally exhaust hood in both countries. Nadya Nedelsky confirms it and adds to that that the main reason why both countries were not treated in the same way was different level of dissent. According to her, low level of dissent in Slovakia led to lesser oppression of Slovaks, and consequently after the Velvet revolution to lesser interest in transitional justice as well. (2004, 81) After 1989, Slov ak public became divided not only in this matter. Certainly, there was a public support for lustration processes. However, it was not so unite as in the Czech Republic. Significant part of Slovak public was already occupied with the idea of independent Slovak state. This one seemed to prevail.Although, strength of regime or disunity of public in the matter of transitional justice played important role in deciding for and against the lustration law, they do not provide with sufficient reasoning of two contrary attitudes. The character of political scene of that time in both countries should not be omitted in this debate. Nadya Nedelsky mentions, even though Vaclav Klaus and Vladimir Meciar, Czech and Slovak political leader who gained their popularity from compete crucial roles in a split of Czechoslovakia, had several common features, they led both countries to completely different directions. While the government of Vaclav Klaus got the Czech Republic nestled to the western democ racies, authoritarian government of Vladimir Meciar, breaking fundamental human rights got Slovakia to international isolation. Even though Vaclav Klaus several times expressed his belief that looking back into past can prevent from moving forward in the present and future, he always voted for the lustration law. On the contrary, Vladimir Meciar was strongly against the lustration law, surprisingly referring to violation of human rights. Moreover, regarding Vladimir Meciar, he was accused of stealing and destroying StB files that could discredit him, as he was suspected to be collaborator of StB.As Vaclav Klaus and Vladimir Meciar formed newly created republics for several years after the split to big extent, it is not surprising that the attitude toward lustration turned in the Czech Republic and Slovakia into completely different directions just because they had a different view on it. Nevertheless, surprisingly, different directions these two approaches took did not result in dif ferent ends. Harms the lustration law and its strict enforcement caused in the Czech Republic because of its loose definition were described above.Nevertheless, harms its absence caused in Slovakia are not fewer. Lack of public and political interest in settling the past resulted in politics, but also church being riddled by former communists. The most known is the case of Jan Sokol, former Roman Catholic archbishop accused of collaborating with former regime. Even though, his name popped up in StB files several times, never as of hostile person, but as of candidate for collaboration, and later on as of agent, and there was found a record disclosing about whom he informed StB, he never admitted it or offered his resignation. (Nations Memory Institute 2004-2009) Not having the lustration law, Slovakia did not have any mechanisms to withdraw Jan Sokol from his position. Again, similarly as in the case of Milan Kuta, Jan Sokol is not an exception.Slovakia never fully extricated from th e influence of leaders and collaborators of former regime. In addition, Slovak political development after 1989 is the case in point, what crucial role the lustration law plays in democratisation processes. Slovakia with its do nothing approach in dealing with the communist past, proved to be weak to protect its young democracy, as Vladimir Meciars government apparently did not comply with democratic principles.Overall, twenty years passed since the lustration law in the Czech Republic has been in force and thirteen since in Slovakia it expired. Certainly, it played important role in strengthening democracy after 1989. A fear that leaders and collaborators with former regime could undermine was understandable. However, is this law well-founded in the Czech Republic now being a part of the European Union since 2004? Is not same fear groundless? Who will reparation all the damages done to reputations of unjustly accused of collaboration? Vice versa, who will redress all the damages done to dissidents in Slovakia who suffered from oppression of the communist regime, and have to see now their oppressors making public decisions? These unanswered questions did not have to be posed if either the Czech Republic or Slovakia adopted more consistent approach in dealing with their communist past.ReferencesCzech Office for the Documentation and the Investigation of the Crimes of Communism. The Number of Casualties of the Communist Regime in Czechoslovakia from 1948 to 1989. http//web.mvcr.cz/archiv2008/policie/udv/popraveni/obeti/index.html (accessed December 4, 2009)David, Roman. 2004. Transitional Injustice? Criteria for Conformity of Lustration to the Right to Political Expression. Europe-Asia Studies. 56, no. 6 789-812.Engelberg, Stephen. 1992. The Velvet Revolution Gets Rough. New York Times. May 31. http//www.nytimes.com/1992/05/31/magazine/the-velvet-revolution-gets-rough.html (accessed December 4, 2009) Federal Assembly of the Czechoslovak Federative Republic. 19 91. Zkon, ktorm sa ustanovuj niektor d(alie predpoklady na vkon niektorch funkci v ttnych orgnoch a organizcich C(eskej a Slovenskej Federatvnej Republiky, C(eskej republiky a Slovenskej republiky. (Act on Lustration) 455/1991.FOCUS (Marketing and Social Research agency in Slovakia). Electoral Political Party Preferences for November 2009, http//www.focus-research.sk/files/110_Preferencie%20politickych%20stran_%20nov2009.pdf (accessed December 4, 2009) Gal, Fedor. 2009. Lustracie III. Tyzden (Slovakia). August 30. http//www.tyzden.sk/casopis/2009/35/lustracie-iii.html (accessed December 4, 2009)Monroy, Catherine. 1992. Difficile lustration en Tchcoslovaquie Le sort rserv aux anciens communistes dark de donner lieu de nouvelles injustices. Le Monde. February 24. http//www.lemonde.fr/cgi-bin/ACHATS/acheter.cgi?offre=ARCHIVEStype_item=ART_ARCH_30Jobjet_id=398186 (accessed December 4, 2009)Nations Memory Institute. 2004-2009. Sprva tB Bratislava (The StB Report Bratislava). http//ww w.upn.gov.sk/regpro/zobraz.php?typ=krajkniha=88strana=62zaznam=82158 (accessed December 4, 2009)Nedelsky, Nadya. 2004. Divergent Responses to a Common Past Transitional Justice in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Theory and Society. 33, no. 1 65-115.New York Times, national edition. 1991. A Witch Hunt in Prague? April 6. http//www.nytimes.com/1991/04/06/opinion/a-witch-hunt-in-prague.html (accessed December 4, 2009)STEM (The Centre for Empirical Survey in the Czech Republic). STEM Political Party Preferences for November 2009, http//www.stem.cz/clanek/1884 (accessed December 4, 2009) TASR, Meciar vyuzival materialy StB, tvrdi cesky historik (Meciar abused StB material, says the Czech historian), SME, October 7, 2009.Williams, Kieran. 2003. Lustration As the Securitization of Democracy in Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic. The journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics. 19, no. 4 1-24.

History Of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Psychology Essay

History Of Chronic Traumatic encephalopathy Psychology EssayChronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a syndrome of emotional lability, Parkinsonism, ataxia, and cognitive impairment suffered by athletes who undergo repetitive concussive and subconcussive blows to the strait (Cantu 2007). Owing to its initial discovery in boxers, CTE has been various known as carrier bag drunk, dementia pugilistica, and psychopathic deterioration of pugilist. This paper will discuss the history of research into this fascinating topic, starting with the first-class honours degree descriptions in the medical literature and top the progress made in understanding the clinical showation, epidemiology, neuropathology, and genetics of the disease.CTE was first described by the American pathologist Martland in a 1928 article on the punch drunk syndrome in boxers. Martland noted that for years case fans and promoters had observed cuckoo or goofy behavior in fighters. The fighters most often unnatural were poor boxers who would take considerable caputpower punishment, seeking only to land a knockout blow. Punch drunk was also common among minute rate fighters used for training purposes, who may be knocked down several times a day. Martland described the symptoms of punch drunk based on his enquiry of five boxers. The early symptoms of punch drunk were unsteady gait and slight mental confusion. Some boxers did not progress beyond this stage, while others went on to develop slow movements, hesitancy in speech, and hand tremors. In severe cases, boxers would develop a propulsive gait, Parkinsonian facies, and marked mental deterioration. Martland speculated that the mechanism of card injury was traumatic cerebral hemorrhages followed by gliosis. This conjecture was based on his observation of multiple cerebral hemorrhages in people who died from acute traumatic idea injury (Martland 1927).Building on Martlands work, researchers investigated the clinical course and epidemiology of CTE. Critchley observed that CTE can progress in many boxers even after they had retired, a phenomenon that to this day eludes explanation (1957). Corsellis noted that emotional lability and violent behavior tended to precede the Parkinsonian symptoms, ataxia, and cognitive decline mentioned by Martland (1973). Roberts studied the prevalence of CTE in retired professional boxers and bring that 17% of subjects exhibited brain damage as determined by neurological exam and EEG abnormalities. Just as Martland observed that boxers who took more hits to the head were more likely to be punch drunk, Roberts showed that career length and number of professional fights were risk factors for CTE. Indeed, 47% of boxers whose careers were longer than 10 years suffered brain damage, compared with 13% of boxers with careers shorter than five years. Likewise, about 50% of boxers who had fought over 150 bouts had brain damage, compared with 19% of those with 50 to 150 bouts and 7% of those with less than 50 bouts (Roberts 1969). This idea of a dose-response relationship between repeated trauma and CTE was supported by the observation that amateur boxers did not suffer neuropsychological deficits collect to boxing (Butler 1993). CTE is not unique to boxing, provided has occurred in other sports with high rates of head trauma such as wrestling, horseracing, and parachuting as good as a case of battered wife syndrome (Corsellis 1976).Research into the gross neuropathology of CTE was spearheaded by Corsellis, who studied the brains of 15 deceased boxers, eight of whom were world or case champions (1973). Corsellis identified four common areas of brain damage and their associated clinical symptoms and signs. First, cavum septum pellucidum with fenestrations in the leaflets was a common finding. In addition, the lateral and third ventricles were enlarged and the facade and temporal lobes were atrophied. These changes were associated with emotional lability and memory impair ment. Second, degeneration of the substantia nigra, as evidenced by the loss of pigmented neurons, was associated with Parkinsonian symptoms like tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Third, gliosis and neuronal loss in the cerebellar tonsils was associated with loss of ease and coordination. Fourth, diffuse neuronal loss was associated with an Alzheimers-like dementia. Eight of the fifteen cases Corsellis studied exhibited all four types of brain damage.The link between CTE and Alzheimers was strengthened when in 1967, Constantinidis showed the presence of neurofibrillary tangles in brains affected by traumatic injury (1967). Subsequent research showed that the microscopic pathology of CTE differed from that of Alzheimers in two important ways. First, CTE exhibited a unique distribution of neurofibrillary tangles in the neocortex. Neurofibrillary tangles in CTE were preferentially distributed in superficial layers of the neocortex layer II and the upper two thirds of layer III. In contrast, in Alzheimers they were located primarily in deeper layers the commence third of layer III and layer V (Hof 1992). Second, whereas beta amyloid plaques are an important feature of Alzheimers disease, they are not an essential part of CTE. one and only(a) study showed that fourteen out of the fifteen brains studied by Corsellis stained positive for beta amyloid deposits (Roberts 1991). However, in a series of 51 CTE cases, McKee demonstrate that beta amyloid plaques were present in only 47% of cases (2009).The pattern of neurofibrillary tangles observed in CTE overlaps with the areas of neuronal loss identified by Corsellis. McKee observed neurofibrillary tangles and tau-immunoreactive astrocytes in parts of the neocortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord. The density of neurofibrillary tangles was particularly high in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and amygdala. This suggests involvement of the papez circuit and may explain the emotional labili ty observed in CTE. In addition, neurofibrillary tangles wee-wee been found in the substantia nigra and cerebellum. (McKee 2009).Recent research has suggested several mechanisms for brain injury in the setting of repeated trauma. Neurofibrillary tangles in CTE pull in a characteristic perivascular distribution, grouped around small intracortical vessels (Geddes 1999). This finding suggests that trauma may damage the blood-brain barrier, releasing neurotoxins that promote the formation of neurofibrillary tangles around blood vessels. In a similar vein, another study found that in many areas of CTE-affected brains the microvasculature was less dense and tortuous than normal. In addition, the distribution of this pathological microvasculature was highly jibe with the distribution of neurofibrillary tangles. The proposed explanation was that trauma damaged the microvasculature and led to the growth of neurofibrillary tangles. (Buee 1994). On a related note, neurofibrillary tangles in CTE were found to contain higher levels of iron and aluminium than those in Alzheimers disease, possibly due to damage to the blood-brain barrier (Bouras 1997).Diffuse axonal injury is a second possible mechanism of injury. After a concussion, disruptions in axolemma permeability and in axonal transport can lead to axotomy within 24 hours (Maxwell 1995). Indeed, in one study eighty percent of patients who died from acute head trauma showed immunocytochemical evidence of axonal injury (McKenzie 1996).A third mechanism of brain injury is the deposition of beta amyloid. Although beta amyloid plaques are present in only half of CTE cases, studies have shown that beta amyloid deposition increases after head trauma (Gentleman 1993). In addition, beta amyloid concentration in the brain is correlated with neurological recovery following head trauma (Brody 2008).Genetic studies suggest that the apolipoproteinE e4 allele predisposes to worse outcomes after traumatic brain injury. single st udy finds that patients with the APOE e4 allele have a two-fold higher risk of death, vegetative state, or severe disability compared to those without the allele (Teasdale 1997). The mechanism by which APOE e4 influences recovery from traumatic brain injury is unclear, though a role in neuronal repair has been suggested (Chen 1997).There are many unanswered questions regarding CTE. First, recent case reports show that CTE can occur in professional football players and soccer players (Omalu 2005, Matser 1998). The prevalence and risk factors for developing CTE in populations other than boxers are unknown and wait further investigation. On this front, public awareness is increasing and more than 250 current and former NFL players have pledged to donate their brains to the Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy (CSTE) at Boston University School of Medicine (CSTE 2010). Second, the observation that CTE can present years after retirement from sports cannot be explained by cu rrent theories of CTE pathophysiology. Third, there has been no research into potential treatment options, though Parkinsons and Alzhemiers drugs have been used speculatively. Fourth, current preventative measures consist of return to play guidelines that sideline players who suffer concussions until their symptoms resolve. This is based on the finding that the risk of a second concussion is increased in the period following a concussion (Cantu 2003). However, no protocols for measuring degree of neurological impairment and reinjury risk in athletes have been developed.Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a progressive neurodegenerative disease marked by emotional lability, Parkinsonism, ataxia, and cognitive decline. Since its first description by Martland, much has been learned about this disease. CTE occurs in professional athletes who suffer repeated head injury in a variety of sports, but has not been found in amateurs. Pathologically, CTE presents with neurofibrillary tangles i n a distribution unique from Alzheimers and with beta amyloid deposits in about half of cases. Various mechanisms of injury have been proposed, though none have been proven. Genetic studies suggest that APOE e4 may promote CTE. Areas ripe for future research include the prevalence of CTE in sports other than boxing and the pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention of this disease.

Gilgamesh and Enkidu in the Epic Poem of Gilgamesh Essay -- Gilgamesh

Gilgamesh and Enkidu in the Epic Poem of Gilgamesh In this paper, I seek to explore the identities and consanguinitys between Gilgamesh and Enkidu in the epic poem of Gilgamesh, up through Enkidus death. I result explore the gender identity element of each independently and then in relation to each other, and how their gender identity influences that relationship. I will also explore other aspects of their identity and how they came to their identities as well, through theories such as social conditioning. I will investigate the initiative that Gilgamesh and Enkidu enjoy a homosexual relationship, since modern times allow such investigations which only 20 years ago were considered extemporaneous to ancient texts by traditions westward conventions. Conversely, I will also consider the possibility of a heterosexual male-male relationship in the terms of Platonic love. In addition to this, I will touch briefly at times on the unique relationship each has to a world that is caught u p in a change from constitution and natural things to what we call a civilized life, or an urban life. In the beginning of the epic poem Gilgamesh, the main character Gilgamesh is conveyed as a broadly speaking immoral human, his genesis mythically coming from the gods. Two thirds they made him god and one third man. (19, Norton Gilgamesh). He also is said to have a perfect body, which is a trait of godliness in many ancient cultures. When the gods created Gilgamesh they gave him a perfect body. (18, Norton Gilgamesh). Here again it is obvious that the myth says Gilgamesh is from the same stuff as the gods. He is known for taking whatever he desires His lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warriors daughter or the wifes noble. (19, Norton Gilgamesh). He has the arrogance and insolence to simply take anything that he considers in his kingdom. Clearly, at least early on in the story, the actions of Gilgamesh mirror that of his mythical genealogy from the gods, who live b y a different moral code than that of civilized humans. At the same time however, Gilgamesh is certainly portrayed in the story as magnificent and capable of undreamed things, such as the building of the walls and Rampart in Uruk. Climb upon the wall of Uruk walk along it, I say regard the foundation terrace and try out the masonry is it not burnt brick and good? (19, Norton Gilgamesh). So at the ... ...ith the fact that it seems death simply can not be escaped. This helps to change Gilgamesh a great deal, and in fact it is after this that Gilgamesh begins to change his way and is truly a shepherd of the people. In the end, Gilgamesh veils Enkidu like a woman (35, Norton Gilgamesh). In fact, the text describes this as existence veiled like a bride in this translation. So once again, even in death, it seems that Enkidu and Gilgamesh have moved to a very close and personal relationship with each other, which is certainly Platonic in nature, and even possibly sexually oriented in s ome way or another. In the end, it is unavoidable that in some way each is affected by the other, either to serve or remember the other and to be the fulfillment of each other. Works CitedUknown Author. Gilgamesh. In The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, the Western Tradition, Seventh Edition, Volume 1. Ed. Sarah Lawall and Maynard Mack. New York W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1999. 18-35.Doty, William G. Myths of Masculinity. New York The Crossroad Publishing Company, 1993. 73-78.Sayers, Janet. Sexual Contradictions. New York Tavistock Publications Ltd., 1986. 23-34.