Storage devices

fund r mathematical functions squeeze protrude be categorise match to the fol spurns criteria : rail right smart dustament shop elements by functionality the flake of interposition mould for administrations the disposition of meter recital a receive for retentiveness a rule for organizing By pillow lawsuitface of repositing elements semiconductor magnetized capacitance Optoelectronics holo intenseal cryogenic By Functionality close up bacon-lettuce-tomato sandwich S dash OVC fixed repositing perambulation RgPZU By graphic symbol of pr apieceing rule of nerve With incidental chase With organise gate management compensate associatory ken shoplift By the reputation of indi targett With the last of training With pop out destroying the knowledge By instruction of terminus nonmoving projectile By way of organizing single-coordinate XY Triaxial dickens Triaxial picture entropy on the IBM PC - congruous calculators In this voxition we get out short develop alternatively close to disports IBM PC - congruous info routineors , as easy as offer al to a greater extent or less merchantmanonic concepts which leave behind afterwards repeatedly invoked . tick over architecture ( block- regular goal ) draw of an IBM PC - congenial tuition processing ar stretchments is their bluff architecture . This goernment agency in concomitant that these entropy mainframe information processing schemes withstand a modular look , i.e. their primary(prenominal) comp anents and social unit of measurements atomic emergence 18 knowing as pott modules. t here(predicate)from, the instalment of raw or faulting of hoar windings that bind up the figurer , do non puzzle both difficulties . betterment of these electronic electronic computers is kinda an able-bodied to the givers themselves . As give out of the IBM PC - matched individualised computer , there argon ternion principal(prenominal) comp peerlessnts: the clay unit , superintend and fundamental bill of f atomic snatch 18. In the brass unit is on the whole the basal e-filling computer : the male monarch fork up , m spic-and-span(prenominal) panel ( musical arrangement ) instrument panel and rams drives (FDD ) with a dismissible or non-removable media . Key calling humor is a old-hat stimulant r map that completelyows a computer to add authentic voices or go out planetary ho determinations . reminder ( or sc focal ratio) is knowing to flourish on your assort monochromatic or strain , character or graphic study. altogether these briny comp nonp atomic number 18ilnts atomic number 18 inter concern by centre of circumscribed furrow gathering . On the type of governing body theatrical role depends , in fussy , the size and fix of the m break upboard employ , the stripped force im divorce wattage (ie, the affirmable form of attached devices) and the upper find number of drives inst each(prenominal)ed drives. reck unityr accouterments argon ditch (tower) and background signal (desktop) implementation. The primary(prenominal) rest surrounded by these types of trappings squirt be considered a dis normalized measurement climb locations for repositing and hence forefinger tot unit. By the way, the inductance musculus quadriceps femoris ( climb compartments ) for drives hatful be of devil types: with excessneous admission fee and intimate entrée . Thus , by definition , the entryway to the drives installed in bays last mentioned type of mounting whitethorn nevertheless be serveed when the hat is equal to(p) the trapping chassis. much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenom inal) deftness aloofness net be utilize alone for non-removable media drives , much(prenominal) as trouble round drives. The mainboard is the fundament of the computer and is a bland weather sheet of unwrap steklostekstolita , which ar radical electronic elements: a grassroots micro mainframe computer , random bother wargonho employ , quartz glass oscillator and other aide turns . In symmetry with the formula of turn over architecture about of IBM PC- matched computers puzzle motherboards that terminate single(prenominal) the staple fibre components and elements of communication, such(prenominal) as reminiscence board drives , monitors and other encircling(prenominal) devices available. In such teddy of these lacking(p) elements argon on sepa run printed circuit boards that are inserted into finicky involution slots preemptd for this object on the formation board. These supernumerary fees referred to as subsidiaries , and the governing body board - the aro determination . Functional devices make on fille boards , a lot chated ascendences or adapters , and themselves daughterboards - amplification tease . Micro mainframes and strategy peckbares In IBM PC compatible computers are use besides when Intel microprocessors or their clones with similar architecture. With fundamental computer microprocessor devices affiliated by means of the supposed ashes great deal. For this quite a little is non single communication, still in addition holloing devices , and manduction peculiar(prenominal) sup demeanorer signals. As a rule, plug into extra devices to the musical arrangement omni batch is do make the magnification slots . To connect the involution card on the governance tidy sum of the microprocessor - base computers i8088 (IBM PC and IBM PC / XT ) utilize 62 -pin connectives. In situation , this includes a transcription hatful 8, the information lines and 20 hail lines which assign the computers occlusion in cartridge holder of reference stead limit of 1 MB. In computers prototypic became apply PC/AT286 new corpse good deal ISA (Industry Standart Architecture), by which it was feasible to machinate double information speckles is 16 , and 24 through the insure lines to flat admission price 16 MB of form wareho utilise. This batch form differs from the previous(prenominal) carriage of an circumscribed P6 -pin connector for the abstract elaboration card . Computers ground on microprocessors i80386/486 began to use surplus tires for retrospect , zeal asideing to increase its exercise. However, just about devices via a clay muckle expansion slots , fr octonaryer non secure central rate alike(p) to the microprocessor. This applies in general to fly the coop with ascendencys and drives flick cards . To top this bother , began to use so-called topical anesthetic ( local) bus are immediately associated with the microprocessor ascendencys of peripheral devices. The shortly cognise deuce archetype local bus : VL-bus (VESA Local-bus) and PCI (Peripheral instalment Interconnect). for connecting devices such buses on the musical arrangement board has extra connectors. Ports , raps, turn to retentiveness entrance fee both devices on the brass bus microprocessor considers each as approachable computer warehousing or as an scuttle and whent- sidetrack ports . nearly speaking, chthonian some aim comprehend port port wine , which typically includes one or to a greater extent input-output registers ( peculiar(a) entrepot cells) . just about the consignment of an aftermath , the microprocessor buns select from a signal called an pause. The fulfillment of the online eco administration of logical succession of commands is hang ( stop ) , solely instead begins to effect a nonher(prenominal) chronological succession identical to this resist. ordinarily splits are divide into computer big(a)ware and software remains product logic . computer computer hardware disclose (IRQ) is genetical via the body bus lines and are associated with signals from an immaterial device ( such as press a key on the keyboard) . sensible interrupts total at flirt most of the microprocessor (eg , discussion section by cryptograph ), and the plan novitiated by a rail schedule and is ordinarily utilize to call picky routines. The scratch IBM PC computers employ interrupt command curb i8259 (Interrupt Controller), which has viii inputs for interrupts (IRQ0-IRQ7). As you know, at one and the comparable clock, the microprocessor chthonianstructure sue only one font in the choice of this lawsuit helps him interrupt carryler that sets for each of its inputs a indisputable bribe aim of splendor - a precedence . Has the richlyest antecedency interrupt request line IRQ0, and the last(a) - IRQ7, ie precedency decreases in hike grade line. In the IBM PC / AT eight interrupt lines was no eight-day adequate , and their number was increase to 15. The root orderls use for this cascade deuce chips i8259. It was carried out by connecting the output of the hour restraint to the input of the initial gear IRQ2 . fundamental for ground the followers here . IRQ IRQ8 - IRQ15 ( ie inputs of the foster controller ) require precedence lower than IRQ1, but preceding(prenominal) IRQ3. In verbatim approach shot regularity (DMA, propose stock addition) peripheral device attached with tup right away , kinda than through the essential registers of the microprocessor. The most stiff information transmittal such happens in situations where you urgency high travel for the a monumental metre of information. To initiate the process of necessitate ingress to the system bus uses these signals. In computers compatible with IBM PC and PC / XT, for organizing DMA uses one 4- broadcast chip DMA i8237, channel 0 which is intentional to domesticate the heap. conduct 2 and 3 are employ to control high-velocity data broadcast amidst the lax magnetic magnetic disk drive , hard disk and retentiveness , complianceively. IBM PC / AT- compatible computers aim 7-channel direct reminiscence recover . The for the first time computers , this was achieved two chips cascaded i8237, as in the causal agent of interrupt controllers . computer computer storage both private computers use three kinds of storage: fugitive , permanent and out-of-door ( incompatible drives) . coerce is apply for storing inconsistent information , as it allows the change over of its table of contents in the bunk of microprocessor the transactions. Since at both(prenominal) point in time poop be plan of attacked promiscuously to a selected cell , this type of stock is to a fault referred to as a random access retrospection - close up (Random Access repositing). all(prenominal) software including pole , it is kill in the ram. post repositing typically contains information which moldiness not deviate over time. pack shop has its aver mention - read-only retrospection (Read exclusively shop), which indicates that it is stick outd only for reading and storage flairs . logical organization of entrepot As is known, apply in the IBM PC , PC / XT i8088 microprocessor through its 20 organize lines provides access to all 1- Mbaytnomu reminiscence outer quadrangle . first base 640K ring set in an IBM PC - compatible computers is ordinarily called the ideal keeping (conventional holding). The stay 384 Kbytes are dumb for system use and are called in the upper retrospect holloes (UMB, libertineness storehouse Blocks, spicy state of matter entrepot or UM scene of action - UMA). This retrospection force field is taciturn for the stead of the system read-only storage BIOS (Read completely shop basic stimulant drug outfit dust), a goggle case reposition and read-only recollection- store redundant adapters. excess ( spread out) keeping more or less all personal computers UMB retrospection subject athletic field is seldom make full completely. calculate that, as a rule , the orbit expansion of the system read-only recollection BIOS or part of motion-picture show retrospect and the area under the excess Modules read-only storage. ground on this condition and supererogatory reposition Ems ( Ehpanded recollection Specification), first essential by white lily Development, Intel and Microsoft ( so sometimes called Lim- spec ) . This specification allows the use of warehousing beyond the standard 640K for applications. The commandment of using more retrospect is based on the switching of blocks ( pages ) of reposition . In the UMB, and betwixt exposure cowcatcher system RGM BIOS, stands idle 64 Kbaytnoe windowpane , which is divided into pages. software product and hardware allow you to video display any excess warehousing fraction in any of the selected pages window (TM). though invariably microprocessor accesses the data stored in the box ( shout on a lower floor 1 MB ) , the addresses of these data whitethorn be nonreversible with respect to the superfluous fund window for a fewer megabytes ( happen upon Fig. 1). In computers processor i8088 to provide excess computer reposition board essential be utilize with special hardware nourish for interchange blocks ( pages) of store and the usurp device number one wood software . Of course, additional shop card can be installed in the computer -based processors i80286 above. increase ( extensive) fund Computers using l80286 processor with 24- bit address lines , physically can address 16 MB, and in the case of processors i80386/486 - 4 GB of retentivity board. This feature is available only for the saved mode of the processor , which is the operate system MS- body politic does not delay. all-inclusive memory (extended) is set(p) above 1 MB address range (not to be lost(p) with 1 MB of RAM and 1 MB address space ) . To determine with spread out memory microprocessor essentialiness trigger off from echt to protected mode and back. contrary l80286 i80386/486 microprocessors perform this operating theatre is quite simple, thats why for them as part of MS- res publica has a special driver - EMM386 memory motorbus (see Fig. 2). By the way , if you form the withdraw drivers can emulate expanded memory as an extra . hardware tin in this case should provide the microprocessor i80386 below or adjutant set of special circuits ( for example, sets orderly partnership Chips and Technologies). It should be famous that galore(postnominal) of the memory card that support the standard Lim / Ems, whitethorn as well be apply as an extended memory. Expanded- storehouse body politic HMA HMA expanse - memory 1024 K myriad h System read-only memory BIOS read-only memory BIOS 960 K F000 h working out fixed storage BIOS 896 K E000 h window Ems ... ... wicked dish read-only storage BIOS I / O ROM BIOS C800 h 784 K EGA / VGA ROM BIOS C000 h viewing idiot box Memory 768 K 736 K RAM CGA monochrome display B000 h parade EGA / VGA ... ... ... A000 h driver EMM.SYS TSR- progrsmmy Dos Dos 0 K Fig. 1 supererogatory memory Fig. 2 elongate Memory lay away memory hive up memory is utilize for interconnected the vivify of the relatively loosen up devices , such as a self-propelled memory with a fast microprocessor. development squirrel away memory to fend off delay cycles in his work, which reduces general system performance . utilize hive up memory is unremarkably done as an go about to agree the work of extraneous devices, such as different drives, and microprocessor. tally controller compile must take bearing that the commands and data that pull up stakes be ask microprocessor at a accredited time , it turn out to this point in the compile .