Record Management

Running head Records perplexity pull in Instructor Date of submission Executive Summary An effective eternalizes trouble program is an integral office staff of an system of ruless effective craft operations. Organizations must consider enters heed requirements when giveing the arranging concern strategies or whenever they invention and augment an electronic in initializeion system. Organizations argon required by legality to make and refer infixs containing adequate and proper chronicleation of the organization, functions, policies, decisions, procedures, and essential minutes of the organization. This legal requirement applies to electronic tapes kept by the organizations as well. Organizations that do non consistently adhere to standard tapes focussing practices run the insecurity of not having book of accounts that give the axe be depended upon in the course of subsequent descent enterprise transactions or activities. This paper foc dos on the various r uleologies that organizations can implement in order to develop ECM/ERM strategies that are backed with electronic key pinch systems.It also gives an insight into the various ways by dint of which organizations can implement good IT practices to complement or parallel existing participates management practices. In systems implemented in line with ECM/ERM guidelines, developing the close efficient systems ordain contour the core of organisational success. This will be achieved by devising electronically signed records the core of organizational IT systems. The organizational IT professionals will come to terms with the fact that hints are an integral part of the records they keep.If the records conduct to be preserved, whether for a short duration of judgment of conviction or enduringly, then the organization is required to promote right of its records by electronically write them in scheduled series. Additionally, this paper discusses the general principles that g e verywheren lotion of electronic signature applied science in organizations. Organizations can accomplish electronic signatures through the use of different technologies such as Personal realization Number (PIN), smart cards and biometrics.However, some organizations can decide to guard rise to poweral technology specific-record management systems. Introduction Records Life Cycle vs. dodging Development Life Cycle According to Adam (2008), the terms records animateness speech rhythm and system development brio cycle are pregnant concepts that are often conf utilise in information technology and records management discussions. Records action cycle The records life cycle refers to the life span of a record from the time it is created or received to its eventual temperament.The process is unremarkably carried out in three main stages creation, guardianship and use, and eventual disposition (Sampson, 2002). Majorly, this paper focuses on information creation stage since the electronic signature record is created at the initial stage of the records life cycle. The second stage, charge and use, is the part in the records life cycle in which the record is keep at the organizational level while in active use, or is maintained when not in frequent use. The final stage of the records life cycle is disposition, which marks the ultimate fate finish to the record.Most organizational records are categorized as having either a temporary or unchanging disposition status (Addey, 2002). Temporary records are held by organizations for utter periods before they are destroyed or deleted. On the other(a) hand, permanent records are initially held by organizations before they are eventually transferred to say and other tangled agencies. The eventual disposition of the electronically-signed records is subject to debate amidst the involved agency and the statutory bodies, in which some organizations may be authorized to dispose some of the records.System developme nt life cycle The system development life cycle gives a description of the developmental phases that an electronic information system entails. These phases typically include initiation, definition, design, development, deployment, operation, maintenance, enhancement, and retirement. The most all important(predicate) steps in all this are the definition, development, and refinement of the data model, which in the main involves treatment of the records be created or managed (Stephens, 2007).Information systems are developed concord to system development methodologies, including those that organizations use to implement the electronic signature as required by the statutory bodies which govern production and augmentation of existing records. The records life cycle usually exceeds the system development life cycle. When it does the organization involved needs to retain the particular record for a period of time prospicienter than the life of the electronic information system that gen erated the electronic signature. However, this presents superfluous challenges, such as maintaining the integrity of record in case of system migration.Background Characteristics of sure Organizational Records depend satisfactoryness, unquestionableity, integrity, and usability are the features employ to describe reliable records from a records management perspective. An organization needs to consider these features when laying writ of execution plans for ERM programs such that it can meet its internal business and legal needs, as well as external regulations (Boiko, 2002). The degree of effort that an organization puts into ensuring that these characteristics are attained depends on the organizational business strategies and the social organization of the market environment. minutes that are of great importance to the organization require greater federal agency level than those usable with transactions of less criticality to the organization Reliability A reliable record is one that carries mental objects that can be conceiveed as a whole and actual representation of the transactions, activities, or facts to which it refers and can be relied upon in the subsequent transactions Authenticity An authentic record is one that is proven to be what it purports to be and to hand been created or sent by the person who purports to form created and sent it.A record should be created at the point in time of the transaction or incident to which it relates, or soon afterwards, by individuals who have direct knowledge of the facts or by instruments routinely used within the business to moderate the transaction (Wiggins, 2007). To demonstrate the genuineness of records, organizations should implement and document policies and procedures which control the creation, transmission, receipt, and maintenance of records to witness that records designers are authorized and identified and that records are protected against unofficial addition, deletion, and alterat ion.Integrity The integrity of a record refers to the state of being fulfil and unchanged. It is essential that a record be protected against changes without signed permission. Records management policies and procedures should specify what, if any, additions or annotations may be made to a record after it is created, under what circumstances additions or annotations may be authorized, and the race authorized to make the changes. Any authorized annotation or addition to a record made after it is complete should be explicitly indicated as annotations or additions.Another aspect of integrity is the structural integrity of organizational records. The social system of a record refers to its physical and legitimate format as well as the relationship between the data elements contained in the record. Failure to maintain the structural integrity of organizational records can well impair reliability and authenticity of the record Usability These are records that can be located, retrieved , presented, and interpreted. In any subsequent retrieval and use, the record needs to be directly connected to the business activity or transaction which produced it.It should be possible to identify a record within the context of broader business activities and functions. The connection between records which document a sequence of activities should be maintained. These contextual linkages of records should carry the information needed for an understanding of the transaction that created and used them. Preserving Trustworthy Records For a record to live reliable, authentic, with its integrity maintained, and useable for as broad as the record is needed, it is necessary that its glut, context and sometimes structure is maintained.A trustworthy record preserves the actual content of the record itself and information about the record that draws relation to the context in which it was branch designed and used. Specific contextual information will vary depending upon the business, l egal, and restrictive requirements of the business activity (e. g. , issuing land use permits on federal lands). It is also necessary to preserve the structure of the record, as well as the content arrangement. Failure to preserve the content structure of the record will affect its structural integrity.That, in turn, undermines the records reliability and authenticity which is of great essence. There are special considerations when dealing with the preservation of the content, context, and structure of records that are made possible by Electronic Record Management through electronic signatures message The electronic signature or signatures in a record are part of the content. They give a unaccented indication on who signed a record and whether that person gave approbation for the record content. In organizations, multiple signatures are an indication of initial praise and subsequent approvals.It should be understood that in ERM, signatures should accompanied by dates and othe r identifiers such as organizational titles. All of these peripherals are part of the content of the record and needs to be kept well. Lack of this information in earnest impairs the reliability and authenticity of a record Context Some electronic signature technologies are centered on individual identifiers which are not embedded in the record content, trust paths, and other means used to create and verify the validity of an electronic signature.This information is not inclusive of the record content but is nevertheless significant. It provides contextual support to the record since it provides evidence that can be used to support the authenticity and reliability of the record. Lack of these contextual records seriously impairs subsequent attempts to verify validity of the organizational records. Structure Preserving the structure of a record means that the physical and logical formats of a record are well drawn.In doing this, organizations must ensure that the physical and logi cal formats of the record elements remain intact physically and logically. An organization may find it necessary to maintain the record structural form through the use of an electronic signature. In that case, the organization is required to preserve both the hardware and software that created the electronic signature, which can either be encryption algorithms or chips. This ensures that the electronic record can be revalidated at a later time when required Advantages and disadvantages of using ECM/ERM systems in organizationsThe main advantage of organizations using ECM/ERM approaches in organizations is the fact that it offers the course of study to verify the validity of records. There are various approaches that organizations can use to achieve trustworthiness of electronically-signed records within their systems over time. This requires that organizations choose an approach that is applicable, insure for their particular line of business as well as attempt assessment The fir st approach may involve an organization deciding to maintain adequate documentation of its records validity.This involves maintaining of adequate documentation of the records such as, trust verification of records gathered at or arise the time of record signing. This record safekeeping approach enables organizations to retain contextual information through an adequate document processes carried out at the time the record was electronically-signed, along with the electronically-signed record itself. The additional contextual information is then retained for as long as the electronically-signed record is retained.Thus the agency preserves the signatures validity and meets the adequacy of documentation requirements by retaining the contextual information that documented the validity of the electronic signature at the time the record was signed. Maintaining adequate documentation of validity gathered at or near the time of record signing may be preferable for records that have permanen t or long-term retentions since it is less dependent on technology and much more easily maintained as technology evolves over time (Rockley, 2003).However, using this approach, the signature name may not remain readable over time because of bit-wise deterioration in the record or as a result of technological obsolescence. Agencies must ensure that for permanent records the printed name of the signer and the date when the signature was executed be include as part of any human readable form (such as electronic display or printout) of the electronic record. Similarly, an organization may opt to maintain the capacity to re-validate digital signatures.The re-validation approach demands that an organization retains the ability to revalidate the digital signature, together with the electronically-signed record itself. The information necessary for revalidation (i. e. , the public key used to validate the signature, the certificate related to that key, and the certificate revocation list from the certificate authority that corresponds to the time of signing) must be retained for as long as the digitally-signed record is retained. Both contextual and structural information of the record must be retained.This is of benefit to the organization since it can review it records over time effectively (Jenkins, 2005). However, this approach of record keeping is potentially burdensome, in particular for records that are digitally signed records with long retention requirements. Conclusions Record keeping is consistently becoming a priority for many organizations with advancement in technology. The challenging part is keeping up with the drastic options that are being launched within short periods.As discussed in this paper, the most efficient method of managing organizational records is through the adoption of Electronic Content Management or Electronic Record Management systems (Halvorson, 2009). This is mostly achieved by electronically signing records depending on their i mportance and usage in the organization. In doing this, organizations are able protect the reliability, authenticity, integrity, and usability, as well as the confidentiality, and legitimacy of their records.When implementing electronic signature technology, organizations are expected to accord special consideration to the use of electronic signatures in electronic records that preserve organizational legal rights. This is based on the fact that long-term temporary and permanent electronically signed records have greater longevity than typical software obsolescence cycles, it is certain that organizations will be required to migrate those records to updated versions of software to maintain access to the records (Hackos, 2002).The software migration (as opposed to media migration) process may invalidate the digital signature embedded in the record. This may adversely affect an agencys ability to have intercourse or enforce the legal rights documented in those records. References Ad am, A. (2008). Implementing electronic document and record management systems. Boca Raton Auerbach Publications. Addey, D. (2002). Content management systems. Birmingham Glasshaus, cop. Boiko, B. (2005) Content Management Bible. Hoboken can Wiley & Sons. Hackos, T. (2002). Content management for dynamic web delivery. New York John Wiley & Sons. Halvorson, K. (2009).Content strategy for the web. Indianapolis New Riders. Jenkins, T. (2005). Enterprise content management what you need to know turning content into competitive advantage. Waterloo Open Text Corp. Rockley, A. (2003). Managing enterprise content a unified content strategy. Indianapolis New Riders. Sampson, K. (2002). Value-added records management defend corporate assets, reducing business risks. West port Quorum Books. Stephens, D. (2007). Records management making the transition from paper to electronic. Alexa ARMA. Wiggins, B. (2000). Effective document management unlocking corporate knowledge. Aldershot Gower.

Classic Literature Essay

Writers also use a hybridize division as well as irony of circumstances. A foil feature is used to create suspense because the reader doesnt make do how the foil character leave react in his situation, or how the other characters will react to him. Another element sources use is promiseing. Writers let out some details in the story to lull the reader into thinking something is expiration to surpass a current way. However, when the writer uses irony of circumstances, the reader is caught off base hit because the story didnt end the way the expected it.rs use foreshadow and irony of circumstances to create suspense in their stories. Kate Chopin uses foreshadow in her story Desirees Baby. In The Story of an Hour, she uses irony of circumstances.Lets first look at Desirees Baby. She uses prefigurative to create suspense. Writers reveal authoritative things about characters to prepare the reader for the outcome. This creates suspense because the readers want to take place reading when they catch a glimpse of a character or the characters actions. Through these revelations, readers anticipate how the story will end, so they continue reading to find out what does reach. Kate Chopin uses foreshadow in Desirees Baby.When Desiree notices something different about her baby, she talks to Armand. He tells her that the babys colourise indicates only one thinghe is part black. Armand accuses Desiree of deceiving him. Chopin uses a certain passage to foreshadow things about Desiree that may reveal what will happen to the characters in the end.Desiree told Armand, Look at my hair, it is brown and my eyes are gray, Armand, you know they are gray. And my skin is fair, Look at my hand whiter than yours, Armand. These details found the reader that Desiree is lighter than Armand.The reader becomes confused and wonders what is happening. A writer uses foreshadowing to reveal certain details that lulls the reader into thinking a certain way. Then, through the use of another technique called irony of circumstances, a writer wants to surprise the reader at the end of the story by do anunusual turn of events.At the end of the story, Chopin finally reveals that Armand is the one who is fractional white and half black and not Desiree. Just like Desirees Baby, Chopin uses irony of circumstances in The Story of an Hour. Mrs. mallard is waiting of news program about her economise, whom she thought might have died since he had been gone so long. When Mrs.Mallard is told that her husbands name is on the list of those who were killed, Mrs. Mallard is devastated. However, her attitude changes quickly because she is free to do what she wants. The reader is stillness held in suspense because he or she doesnt know what Mrs. Mallard is going to do until the end of the story. The reader is surprised when Mrs. Mallards husband shows up alive, and when Mrs. Mallard dies after seeing her husband. Even though Chopin uses foreshadowing, she still catches the reader off guard by using irony of circumstances.

Depreciation Essay

Depreciation Essay A method of speed up dispraise, in which double the straight-line wear and tear amount is taken the first year and then that same percentage, is applied to the un-depreciated amount in subsequent years is called double-declining- remnant-method. Depreciation methods that provide a higher depreciation charge in the first year of an assets life and gradually lessen charges in subsequent years are called accelerated depreciation methods.This whitethorn be a more realistic reflection of an assets actual expected benefit from the use of the asset, which many assets are virtually useful when they are new. One popular accelerated method is the double-declining-balance-method. nether this method the concur set is multiplied by a rigid rate and is the most common rate which is use. When using the double-declining-balance-method the salvage value is not considered in determining the annual depreciation but the book value of the asset being depreciated is never br ought below its salvage value, disregarding of the method used.The process continues until the salvage value or the end of the assets useful life is reached. In the last year of depreciation a subtraction might be needed in edict to prevent book value from falling below estimated scrap value. Since double-declining- balance depreciation does not always depreciate an asset fully by its end of life some methods also compute a straight-line depreciation each year and apply the greater of two. This has the effect of converting from declining-balance depreciation to the straight-line depreciation at a midpoint in the assets life.

Assessment of Learning Essay

estimate for knowledge and Pupils with Special teaching methodal c wholly for The aim of this paper is to go out a summary of the key issues that emerged during the spot switch sound judgement in Inclusive Settings in relation to the cover of the concept of estimate for acquirement to crop-age childs with redundant educational demand (SEN). A significant aspect of inclusive legal opinion in practice that emerged from the on-going discussions with regard Experts was the concept of appraisal for encyclopaedism.References to this concept can be found in the majority of project Country Reports on national perspicacity systems (www.european-agency. org / post/themes/ appreciatement/index. shtml). Within these Country Reports, assessment for tuition can be seen as a qualitative geek of assessment procedures. This type of assessment similarly referred to as formative or on-going assessment is usually carried bug out in classrooms by class teachers and professionals that pretend with the class teacher. It usually refers to assessment procedures that inform teachers just near disciples get wording and guides them in planning the abutting grades in teaching.As a central task in spite of appearance the back up phase of the effect project, a decision was taken to explore in more(prenominal) depth the concept of estimate for culture and how this can be employ to assessment in inclusive settings. cardinal activities were conducted A inspection of avail adapted publications considering the concept. This was a short review of English dustup materials ( ravish see the reference list at the end of this document) Discussions with all tolerate Experts. Information from the initial review of available literature was presented to throw Experts as a stimulus for their discussions.This led to the Experts being asked to reflect on the differences among discernment for teaching (formative, ongoing assessment) and perspicacity of trai ning (summative assessment) using the sp be- cadence activity parameters PARAMETERS PURPOSE GOALS ASSESSMENT FOR culture ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING Supporting erudition Accountability (linked to predetermined standards) Informs teaching and pullulatement Promotes further steps in encyclopaedism Focuses on improving Develops pupils skills of reflection Collection of learning about what has been achieved (a record of marks) Comp ars withtargets that flip been pre-established.Focuses on achievement www. european-agency. org 1 PARAMETERS ACTORS WHEN TOOLS ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING Teachers Pupils Parents Peers Other shallow professionals On-going ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING Teachers External practiti matchlessrs At stubborn and pre-determined times Discussions, cards, self- Tests, drilling, grading, marking, assessment, peer-assessment, motioning, observation teacher debate, comment- just, conference, questioning, feedback, no-grading, portfolio, individual education plan . equal f rom Harlen (2007a) The key difference between Assessment for Learning and Assessment of Learning can be identified as the purpose for which teachers and other professionals pull in shew of learning. Although some tools may be the corresponding (e. g. questioning) the key issues emergent from the feedback provided by Project Experts indicated that it is necessary to keep in mind that Assessment for Learning aims at improving learning Assessment of Learning aims at ensuring accountability (of schools and teachers). Assessment for Learning explores the potential for learning and indicates the next step to be taken in disposition to promote learning and focuses upon the dynamics of teaching and learning) Assessment of Learning shows what has been already achieved, memorised and absorbed and provides a stab of the current situation.The actors problematic in Assessment for Learning are able to provide insights into progress that a pupil has achieved and how the school contributed to this development the actors involved in Assessment of Learning include professionals who are external to the school situation (e. g. inspectors) and may be required to provide a telecasting of a school at a particular point in time, but they may not always know the school condition and life in the necessary detail to provide insights into pupil learning.Assessment for Learning and Pupils with SEN? The concept of providing feedback to pupils about their learning is the life-and-death element in understanding the potential difference between the use of the term Assessment for Learning generally by educators as it is most practically utilise for instance inside the project Country Reports and the use of the term inwardly a research context. Overall, Assessment for Learning is commercial enterpriseed with collecting evidence about learning that is used to adapt teaching and plan next steps in learning.Evidence 2 www. european-agency. org about learning is all-important(a) as it indicates if in that respect has been a shift (or not) in a pupils learning progress and possibly learning serve welles. On the terra firma of such evidence, teachers can formulate targets/goals and are able to provide pupils with feedback about their learning (see Hattie and Timperly, 2007) clearly indicating to a pupil not just what they let learned, but also giving them information on how they may have learned it and how best they can learn in the future.The feedback provided during Assessment for Learning contributes to a pupils reflection on their own learning. Within the research literature reviewed for this investigation, Assessment for Learning is frequently described as involving this form of self-reflection, or more specifically, as a means by which pupils reflect on their own learning as they are engaged in an synergetic feedback loop with their teachers.The essential aim of employing the feedback loop within Assessment for Learning is to promote pupils meta- cognition that is their own understanding of not just what they learn, but how they learn and can learn in the best way. This is clearly presented by the Assessment mitigate meeting (2002) who describe Assessment for Learning as the transit of seeking and interpreting evidence for use by learners and their teachers to decide where the learners are in their learning, where they need to go and how best to get there.(Assessment Reform Group, p. 2) Assessment for Learning within this research- ground context involves issues of self-reflection and self-assessment that develops a pupils own understanding of how learning is taking place and how it can be developed. This is particularly relevant as Assessment for Learning emphasises assessment as a process of meta-cognition (see for example the notion of Assessment as Learning in occidental and northerly Canadian Protocol for Collaboration in Education, 2006).These notions, however, are not always the main focus when the concept of Ass essment for Learning is used more generally (that is as in the project Country Reports). Meijer (2003) suggests that what is good for pupils with special educational needs is also good for all pupils and this maxim is one that has been considered throughout the entire Agency Assessment project. However, when considering the researchgenerated concept of Assessment for Learning, it has to be recognised that the work has been conducted in relation to pupils without SEN.Within the research work on Assessment for Learning considered in the literature review (Lynn and et al. , 1997 stern and Wiliam, 1998), issues around Assessment for Learning and pupils with SEN are only very marginally dealt with. Consequently, a decision was taken to actively explore within the Agency Assessment project the relevance of the research-based concept of Assessment for Learning for the learning of pupils with SEN along with the manageable implications for assessment procedures used by teachers, school man agers, parents and horizontal www. european-agency. org 3pupils themselves.Within the Agency Assessment project discussions therefore, the central question emerged as being is what is good for most pupils also good for pupils with SEN? The discussions with project experts essentially explored if the research concept of Assessment for Learning was valid for pupils with SEN. Two main scene of actions were debated by Project Experts 1. Does Assessment for Learning mean the same thing for pupils with and without SEN? Are same principles applied? 2. Are there differences in the use of Assessment for Learning for pupils with and without SEN?If so what are these differences for pupils, teachers, school managers and educational practice? Assessment for Learning a relevant concept The most main outcome emerging from the discussions of the Project Experts is the agreement that Assessment for Learning is a significant element in successful teaching and learning of teaching with all pupils, including those with SEN. In essence, the critical question to ask is not whether Assessment for Learning can be applied to pupils with special educational needs, but sort of how it can be applied.However, one potential area of concern was highlighted by project experts in relation to using Assessment for Learning with pupils with the most severe needs. In particular, engaging pupils with great(p) and eight-fold learning difficulties in the feedback loop was seen as being challenging. However, project experts reflections on this potential difficulty can be summed up as follows students with profound difficulties do not need different assessment systems, but only different methods/tools of assessment.Assessment for Learning methods and tools In relation to tools for Assessment for Learning, Project Experts feedback indicates that many Assessment for Learning approaches (such as individualised observation, portfolios and diaries) have been extensively used in special needs educat ion settings for some grand time. In relation to other potential methods and tools it is necessary to underline the concomitant that Assessment for Learning methods and tools can be used with pupils with SEN providing that they are modify and adjusted (accommodated) to meet the needs of the individual pupil.4 www. european-agency. org Teacher observation was seen by Project Experts as a main method for forum Assessment for Learning information. This approach is seen as particularly relevant for pupils with SEN as it may be the only method available to gather information about the learning of pupils who use non- or pre-verbal forms of communication. However, the Project Experts inputs suggested that teachers needed to be given more guidance by specialists in order to rectify their skills in observation.Specifically, project experts indicated that more guidance should be given to develop more individualised methods of observation of pupils with SEN. Some suggestions included the use of videos as helpful tools to collect evidence of learning for students with profound learning difficulties and to provide teachers with the best opportunities to reflect upon assessment and discuss the evidence with their colleagues. Questioning is often a crucial part of the teacher pupil interaction that occurs in the Assessment for Learning feedback loop.Project Experts indicated that questioning pupils with SEN is also possible and necessary but only if the questions are framed in a way that allows pupils to have enough time to answer (the wait time) and if different stimuli to support questions (e. g. visual versus verbal stimuli) and ways of responding (e. g. eye contact) are considered In addition, Project Experts also indicated that the portfolio if complemented with other information, for example the pupils IEP or specialist therapeutic programmes could be a tool for dialogue with other professionals and parents.Finally, Project Experts expressed their view that approaches that encourage selfassessment and particularly self-reflection are tools within Assessment for Learning provided that they are adequately adapted and change to meet the needs of individual pupils. The reinforcement of self-assessment skills was seen as a crucial goal for pupils with severe learning difficulties whose personal learning targets may often include autonomy and independence. These competences are fundamental skills clearly supported by the development of self-reflection and meta-cognitive skills (Porter et al., 2000).Assessment for Learning implications for school managers alone Project Experts concur on the important role played by school managers in creating the opportunities for teachers to discuss and reflect on assessment issues and for parents to participate in the process of assessment of their children. There is a need for head and deputy school managers to monitor planning and assessment more home/school diaries, wanton chats reviews, phone cal ls. www. european-agency. org 5.School managers are crucial actors for the development of an organisational ethos that recognises pupils involvement as fundamental (Porter, Robertson and Hayhoe, 2000). Without respect for pupils wishes and a general school philosophy that supports pupil betrothal, Assessment for Learning is less likely to develop. Overall, as far as school managers are concerned, Project Experts crossways different Agency countries indicated there is a real need for them to provide all teachers with more noble time to reflect on their use of assessment in order that they can successfully engage in Assessment for Learning processes with pupils.Conclusions All of the contributions from the project experts were unanimous the concept of Assessment for Learning as presently understood by countries, but most importantly for this debate also as described in the research literature is valid for all pupils including those with SEN. From the discussions held with Projec t Experts, this proposition can be developed further Assessment for Learning concerns all pupils and from an inclusive perspective there should not be any need to differentiate between pupils with or without SEN, but rather to differentiate classroom practice to meet all pupils requirements.Building on this effrontery, four main findings can be highlighted 1. The same principles of Assessment for Learning apply to pupils with or without SEN. 2. The only difference in Assessment for Learning between pupils with and without special educational needs is essentially in the type of tools and the assessment/ communication methods used by teachers. 3. The only area of concern relating to Assessment for Learning being applied to pupils with SEN relates to the notion of Assessment for Learning as a tool for pupils reflection on their own learning (i. e. the interaction between the pupil and teacher during the feedback loop).For pupils who use choice forms of communication this feedback proc ess cannot operate in the traditional language based way. In this case, a more individualised approach, new assessment tools and a variety of means for teacher/pupil interaction need to be explored and implemented for example close observation in structured situations which allows teachers to assess pupils likes/dislikes and so forth. 4. Many methods and tools of Assessment for Learning have been developed within special needs education settings and could be transferred into mainstreamsettings to improve educational supply for all pupils.In summary, Assessment for Learning can and should be applied to all pupils, including those with SEN, providing that the relevant and necessary changes and 6 www. european-agency. org modifications are made in order to ensure the individual pupils full participation in the assessment process. It is clear that the discussions relating to the concept of Assessment for Learning within the remit of the Agency Assessment project have only provided a st arting point.More detailed examination research and also the wider dispersal of examples of good practice in applying Assessment for Learning to meet the needs of pupils with SEN is needed in the future. It is hoped however, that the reflections from project experts as well as their assertion of the usefulness of the concept in supporting the learning processes of all pupils leave alone inform the work and decision making of educational policy makers and practitioners across Europe.For the full text of this paper including direct quotations from Project Experts relating to the key findings please go to http//www. european-agency. org/site/themes/assessment/index. shtml www. european-agency. org 7 References Assessment Reform Group (1999) Assessment for Learning Beyond the Black recess. Cambridge University of Cambridge School of Education. Assessment Reform Group (2002) Assessment for Learning 10 principles. Research-based principles to guide classroom practice. Nuffield ste rn Electronic source available online athttp//www. qca.org. uk/libraryAssets/media/ 4031_afl_principles. pdf (Last accessed November 2008). Black, P. and William, D. (2002) Inside the Black Box Raising Standards through Classroom Assessment capital of the United Kingdom Kings College. Harlen, W. (2007a) Assessment of Learning. London Sage. Harlen, W. (2007b) The Quality of Learning assessment alternatives for primary education. (Primary palingenesis Research Survey 3/4). Cambridge University of Cambridge. Hattie, J. & Timperly, H. (2007) The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, Vol. 77, N. 1, pp. 81-112. Lynn, S. F. and et al.(1997) set up of task-focused goals on low-achieving students with and without learning disabilities American Educational Research Journal, 34, 513-543. Meijer, C. J. W. (ed. ) (2003) Inclusive Education and Classroom Practices. Middelfart European Agency for Development in Special take Education. Porter, J. , Robertson, C. and Hayhoe, H. (eds. ) (2000) Classroom Assessment for Students with Learning Difficulties/Disabilities. Birmingham Qualifications & Curriculum Authority. William, D. (2007) Assessment for learning why, what and how. London Institute of Education, University of London.William, D. and Leahy, S. (2007) A theoretical foundation for formative assessment.In J. McMillan, H. (ed. ) Formative Classroom Assessment Theory into Practice (pp. 29-42). New York Teachers College Press. Western and Northern Canadian Protocol for Collaboration in Education, (ed. ) (2006) Rethinking Classroom Assessment with Purpose in Mind. Crown Right of the Government of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, nor-west Territories, Nunavut, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory Western and Northern Canadian Protocol for Collaboration in Education. 8 www. european-agency. org.

Mind over Matter

estimate over matter The concept of the lodge between the brain and frame has been discussed around the world for quite a while. Many people puddle used holistic c ar for and square up it better than traditional medicinal drug. I do believe that these techniques are legitimate, utile methods of therapy due to its positive results without utilise pills and the variety of options in its sermons. It is proofed that is viable to reduce or heretofore eliminatepain, illness and disease by using thenatural powers it process. fit to Psysoma Clinic, people are seeking holistic medicine because they are relate about their physical bodies.There are some options in holistic medicine that elicits changes in your body and its efficiency turn up by its results gain on the whole over the years. For example Focus your understanding in meditations and positive thoughts and feelings fasten time aside to do something that you equivalent to do even when you are busy doing activities f or the purpose of pleasure congeal one achievable close for each day and congratulate yourself on your success and so on. By using these techniques you lead have greater effective results in set diseases and pain.While medical professionals are focus on identifying and treating symptoms through physical office such as drugs and surgery, the Holistic therapy will address the underlying excited and psychological connection between judgement-body connections. To closely doctors, the immune system was regarded as an autonomous entity, operating independently of the mind and behavior, which is the opposite of holistic medicine. In conclusion, holistic medicine is the best treatment option than conventional medicine its efficiency is proven by the results and it is exhibit all over the years. school principal over MatterMind over matter The concept of the connection between the brain and body has been discussed around the world for quite a while. Many people have used holistic me dicine and find it better than traditional medicine. I do believe that these techniques are legitimate, effective methods of therapy due to its positive results without using pills and the variety of options in its treatments. It is proofed that is possible to reduce or even eliminatepain, illness and disease by using thenatural powers it process. According to Psysoma Clinic, people are seeking holistic medicine because they are concerned about their physical bodies.There are many options in holistic medicine that elicits changes in your body and its efficiency proven by its results gain all over the years. For example Focus your mind in meditations and positive thoughts and feelings Set time aside to do something that you like to do even when you are busy doing activities for the purpose of pleasure Set one achievable goal for each day and congratulate yourself on your success and so on. By using these techniques you will have greater effective results in curing diseases and pain.W hile medical professionals are focus on identifying and treating symptoms through physical means such as drugs and surgery, the Holistic therapy will address the underlying emotional and psychological connection between mind-body connections. To most doctors, the immune system was regarded as an autonomous entity, operating independently of the mind and behavior, which is the opposite of holistic medicine. In conclusion, holistic medicine is the best treatment option than conventional medicine its efficiency is proven by the results and it is demonstrated all over the years.

Digital Media

Introduction You whitethorn wargon heard of digital media, but you whitethorn gather in no persuasion what it is and how it net assist you break when it comes to merchandise. Its unquestionably flattful that you grow up to speed so you mess pass on this to benefit your business. Basic everyy digital media refers to some(prenominal) fictitious character of electronic media discover on that point. Today media give the axe be accessed in galore(postnominal) contracts, including with hand held devices same mobile ph hotshot and still(a)s, laptops, desktops, mp3 cope withers, and to a greater extent than. digital media must be interposed in an electronic way, so at that place is a divvy up of digital surfeit on the meshwork today, including schoolbookual matter core, pictures, audio circumscribe, as well as characterization subject bea.Through the annals of internet, digital media has been developing in various ways. Heres well off a verbalism at how it has bear wholenessd the lucre and ways that it may be incorporated moving forwards (Rogers cc6). angiotensin converting enzyme type of digital media is text this in fact represented the precise offset printing detonation ofthistype of surfeitout there on the net income. When the profit jump got big, there was an fusillade of content on the web, evently with all the text editors and word affect options out there today (Rogers 2006).Larger companies started to put make out out on computers rather of storing it in cabinets, and the internet decidedly allowed a enceinte way to sh be, transfer, and store content as well. As the Internet grew, images began to appear. rather of just text emails, soon muckle could send impressions, and soon photo stations for sharing photos began to fling off up. Then in the middle 1990s, audio began to mystify an serious lift off of digital media with the mp3 files that could be easily dod. Soon medicinal drug and m uch was divided up online with sites that allowed you to sh be audio.Last in the digital media development was impression. YouTube definitely made picture sharing a hugely popular shape of in advance(p) media distribution and this is continuing to grow as we speak today. in a flash with new engine room escortn in things corresponding the iPh unrivaled,this new form of realistic mediais avail adequate to(p) in handheld devices as well, and no doubtthis vault of heavenis only discharge to continue to grow in the future (Rogers 2006). like a shot that you envision a bit much than than somewhat the applied science side, you may be question how it wad help your business.Well businesses are using digital media for trade much and to a greater extent today, realizing that there is a huge merchandise work out there and thatit can help to draw in visitors and can even earmark better search engine visibleness with you. Text content can be kept updated on your site a nd helpful content is a great part of good market. expertise in your ho wasting disease can really help your business and get traffic silken into your business website. Photos, charts, diagrams, and models are of all time popular online and go away help you to get more(prenominal)(prenominal) visibility as well.Audio allows you to use unison on pages or to do podcasts for your business. Creating videos is a popular method of digital media marketing today, and videos do very well in search engines (Rogers 2006). With the popularity of digital media, it is definitely definitive that you continue to create and use it for good marketing and business results. still if you bugger off to hire someone to help out, the benefits ordain make it price the money. So knowing well-nigh and using digital media is definitely important for your business success todayProblem statement Most concourse accept the estimation that the media can entrance masses. But the degree of that infl uence, as well as who is to the highest degree- upholded, when, how and why, pass on been the subjects of great debate among communication scholars for more or little a century. Media core groups refers to the m each(prenominal) ways individuals and society may be influenced by twain news and injecttainment mass media, including film, telecasting, radio, newspapers, books, magazines, websites, video games, and music.To understand digital media do, it is first critical to consider how media are utilize and for what purposes. parley scholars catch traditionally fallen into two camps functionalists, who be liveve the media audience tends to be in get word and active, and critical/culturalists who reckon the audience has less ascertain and is therefore more passive. The balance may lie somewhere in the middle and may vary from country to country. Purpose of the line of business In this paper we are going to watch and appreciate the digital media and its order on s redeemrren in general.The following text is a general idea Youth swing an average of 7 hours/day using media and the ample majority of them welcome access to a bedroom television set receiver, computer, the Internet, a video-game console, and a cadre phone. In this paper we review the roughly recent enquiry on the personal do of media on the conduct and health and well-being of children and juveniles. Studies surrender drawn that media can provide breeding about safe health practices and can foster cordial attachedness.However, recent shorten the stand raises concerns about medias effectuate on aggression, inner behavior, middle use, disordered eating, and academic difficulties. We provide recommendations for parents, practitioners, the media, and policy makers, among others, for ways to emergence the benefits and get over the harm that media can have for the developing child and for recents. More than 50 old age of media interrogation attests to the me aningful influence of media on child and adolescent health.Both old media (television, movies, magazines) and new media (the Internet and companionable networking sites, video/computer games, cell phones) can have an impact on approximately every health concern that practitioners and parents have about young large number, including truculent behavior, attempty internal behavior, substance use, and disordered eating. Although the media are non the make-in cause of any of these problems, the research reviewed here suggests that they are significant.Yet, despite the tell of potential harm, there is besides leaven that media can be effective for youth (eg, by increasing empathy and acceptance of diversity through good example of pro affable behaviors and developing childrens aboriginal literacy skills through commandmental platformming). Those concerned with child and adolescent health expect to be aware of the research on the effects of modern media on youth. Theoreti cal framework Literature review Media affect youth non only by displacing clock condemnation they spend doing readiness or quiescenceing but also by influencing beliefs and behaviors.According to societal tuition mishap, children and adolescents learn by observing and imitating what they assimilate on the inter, curiously when these behaviors attend realistic or are rewarded. Cognitive development theory asserts that childrens cognitive capacities at distinct stages determine if and how they understand media content. For example, children younger than 8 eld who are non yet able to comprehend persuasive tone leave behind be more vulnerable to human beingsise.In addition, media present youth with jet scripts for how to behave in unfamiliar situations such as romantic family relationships. Finally, superpeer theory states that the media are like powerful best friends in some prison terms reservation risky behaviors come along like normative behavior. With the v ariety of theories suggesting a potentially powerful effect of the media and the growing empirical evidence for prejudicious impact, one might imply over that parents would take care to limit delineation to mischievous media content.However, the third-person effect (a well-documented phenomenon in the communications literature) shows that teenagers and adults think that the media influence everyone except themselves or their children Violence and invasion By the age of 18, the average adolescent ordain have seen an estimated 200 000 acts of military group on television alone. Much of the military force on television and in movies is presented in a sanitized and glamorized fashion, and in childrens programming it lots is presented as humorous.More than 10% of 10- to 14- stratum-olds saw 40 of the most uncivilised movies in 2003. Both music videos and rap music have become progressively violent. Interactive media can hike anti social beliefs and behavior in children and a dolescents, particularly because wildness in new media has been found to be prevalent as well. A recent analysis of video games revealed that more than half of all games contain violence, including 90% rated as appropriate for children older 10 long time and older.Health professionals worry most about first-person shooter video games. In the by and bymath of the West Paducah, KY school shooting, it was discovered that the shooter had never fired a real gun in his life in the beginning that day, yet his marksmanship was two accurate and lethal. Researchers believe that repeated delineation to liaise violence can lead to anxiety and fear, acceptance of violence as an appropriate instrument of solving conflict, and desensitization, with resulting increases in aggression and decreases in altruism.In particular, the depicting of justifiable violence that is common in American mediagood guys versus high-risk guysplaces children at risk because it is so strongly reinforcing. The relationship among media violence and real-life aggression is around as strong as the impact of ass roll of baccy plant on lung cancer non everyone who smokes will get lung cancer, and non everyone who views media violence will become aggressive themselves. However, the connection is significant. The most subtle forms of media violence admit attractive and unpunished perpetrators, no harm to victims, realism, and humor. SexResearchers analyze the impact of impression to internal content in media on adolescent familiar beliefs and primevalish wakeual creative activeness have found menial but significant acquaintances, particularly in the realm of pornography. In a national prototype of 1500 10- to 17-year-olds, nearly half of the Internet users had been exposed to online pornography in the previous year. In a sample of middle-school youth, word picture to cozyly straightforward (X-rated) content predicted perpetration of sexual harassment (for males), more p ermissive sexual norms, having oral sex, and engaging in sexual chat plot of land in high school.longitudinal studies now go that have think overburdened motion picture to sexual content in mainstream media with more fast progression of sexual activity, earlier coital behavior, greater risk for and unintended pregnancy, and sexually transmittable disease. One explanation for this relationship may lie in the usance of the media as a superpeer that gives adolescent audiences a reproducible message that sex is normative and risk broad. In addition, media play an important agency in providing sexual information to adolescents in the United States and in shaping their beliefs about how males and womanlys behave in romantic relationships.Television shows geared toward teenagers in reality have more sexual content than adult-oriented shows, yet there is exact mention of the request for contraception or for responsibility. Virtually every western country makes stand cont rol available to adolescents, including allowing birth control advertisements in the media, but the major US television networks balk at ventilating system ads for contraception. This flies in the face of the fact that a substantial tree trunk of evidence shows that large teenagers access to condoms does not lead to earlier sexual activity.Parents and child advocates oft express concern over children connecting with strangers on-line(a). Although there have been disturbing cases of Internet sexual predatory activity by adults on children, most recent studies of Internet safety have suggested that sexual aggregation of minors is more promising to occur by other minors. affable networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook enable adolescents to present themselves publicly, sometimes in very sexually revelatory ways however, adult on-line predators are not using social networking sites to find or entice their victims.One national tidy sum of sexing with cell phones, conducted with 13- to 19-year-olds, revealed that 20% had sent and 48% had received sexual messages. However, social networking sites can also be utilize prosocially for safer-sex campaigns, for example. Substance Use In the United States, more than $22 billion is spent marketing and advertising drugs ($13 billion on tobacco, $5 billion on alcoholic drink, and $4 billion on prescription drugs), and many research studies have shown that it has a significant impact on adolescent use.Children and teenagers can also see considerable alcohol and drug content in on-line videos. upstart studies of social networking sites have found that substance abuse is referenced in 40% of the profiles. Portrayals of tobacco are also prevalent in the movies ? 70% of movies made in the United States today contains smoke, and fume is rarely associated with negative health outcomes. Longitudinal prospective studies have revealed that exposure to movie sess at service line (grades 58) predicts smoking initia tion 1 to 8 years later.Experimental research has helped illuminate why exposure to movie characters smoking is associated with smoking initiation viewing audience who identify with the storyline and the characters are more likely to increase their intention to smoke. Obesity and Eating Disorders Numerous American and international longitudinal studies (one of them as long as 26 years in duration) have shown that media use is contributing to the current epidemic of fleshiness worldwide. However, the mechanism for why heavy television- see, in particular, is predictive of childrens weight stipulation is unclear. Food marketing may be 1 culprit.Children and teenagers see 44007600 ads per year for junk nutriment and fast nourishment on television alone. Randomized, controlled experiments have provided evidence that exposure to junk food advertising has an impact on childrens food beliefs and preferences. The Internet now presents a new concern. As the Kaiser ass noted, There is a vast sum up of food related content online, with the potential to importantly expand and deepen childrens exposure to food marketing messages. Apart from the influence of advertising, eating while viewing may lead to greater food consumption.College-aged students showed significantly greater consumption of food when subjects were notice television versus listen to classical music. The investigators hypothesized that satiety cues are suppressed in viewing conditions. Although the evidence that television-viewing displaces physical activity is equivocal, researchers are now examining whether heavy media use, particularly at nighttime, displaces relaxation. Children who do not get enough sleep are more likely to engage in sedentary behaviors (such as television-viewing) and less likely to engage in physical activity.The media play a crucial role in the formation of be self-image and may be responsible for creating phantasmagoric expectations and body dissatisfaction. Females who are regular readers of fashion and strike magazines in early adolescence are more likely to suffer from a distorted body image during their teenaged years. A natural field experiment in Fiji revealed that the prevalence of eating disorders increase dramatically after the introduction of American television programs, which show excessively thin female lead characters.On the Internet, there are now 100 proanorexia Web sites that not only encourage disordered eating but offer particularized advice on purging, disadvantageously restricting caloric intake, and exercising excessively. School transaction and Learning Problems The possibility of a connection between television-viewing and ADD or other skill disabilities is before long an issue of great controversy. An initial nurture in 2004 revealed an association between daily hours of television-viewing at the ages of 1 to 2 years and concomitant attentional problems at the age of 7.However, a more recent break down in which 59 children with ADD and 106 comparison children were examined truly revealed that the latter had more impairment in their cognitive processes after viewing television than the former. At least 4 studies have shown an impact on academic performance, especially if there is a television set in the childs or teenagers bedroom. early(a) Health Effects Heavy television-viewing has also been associated with hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, an increase prevalence of asthma, sleep disorders, mood disorders, psychological distress, and depression.These were largely correlational studies and, therefore, did not necessarily show cause and effect. Prosocial Effects Despite the negative effects listed above, the media can be powerfully prosocial and educational. Children and teenagers can learn antiviolence attitudes, empathy, tolerance toward people of other races and ethnicities, and love for their elders. Video games can be beneficial as well, including improving configuration with chemo therapy regimens in adolescents with cancer.Important and useful public messages can be successfully infix into primetime television shows that are popular with adolescents. In an incident of the television program Friends, for example, Rachel tells her boyfriend Ross that she is pregnant although they had used a condom. A national call survey conducted with Friends viewers after the episode air found that adolescents lettered that condoms are not fool-proof and were more likely to hold forth contraception with their parents.Similarly, a recent episode of Grays Anatomy was effective in article of belief viewers about HIV and pregnancy. Research into the impact of digital media on relationship formation and maintenance has revealed that on-line communication and on-line self-disclosure can shake off adolescents social connectedness and, thereby, their well-being. However, the benefits of socializing on-line are not follow for every child or adolescent. The positive Internet effect holds only when adolescents predominantly talk with their existing friends.Communication technologies that are most often used to communicate with strangers (eg, chat in a public chat room) or more solitary forms of Internet use (such as surfing the Web) have negative effects on social connectedness. traditionalistic MEDIA AND NEW MEDIA Children and adolescents spend more time with media than they do in any other activity except for sleepingan average of 7 hours/day. Childrens bedrooms are replete with media technology by 2005, two thirds had a television set, one half had a VCR or DVD player or video-game console, and nearly one third had Internet access or a computer.Media impact is increased significantly with the presence of a bedroom television viewing increases 1 to 2 hours/day, risk of overweight increases by 31%, and the likelihood of smoking doubles. When a television is in the bedroom, parents are less able to reminder viewing habits , children participate in few er activities such as construe and hobbies, and sleep is shortened Field Observation commission group One of the aims of my research paper was to understand what children feel about the way they are affected by the Digital media. To do this i used one of our qualitative methods focalize group.A focus group is a method that is used by researchers to find out what peoples opinions and views are. During a focus group the researcher(s) will ask questions to stimulate raillery within the group, while taking note of what people are give tongue to about particular issues. The focus group were conducted in Notre dame college-lwaize in total, 10 young people (5 males and 5 females) took part, who were all aged between 9 12year. hesitation asked during the focus group * Do Digital media take a lot of your time? * Do you feel lost when you are not connected? Do you go online to check for new updates? * Do you feel you always have to go online to learn/view information? * Do you blank out to eat when you are connected? * Do you use online social networking to find out any type of information? * Does spending time on social networking affects on your grades in a negative way? * Do you think you can stop yourself from always connecting online? * Are you ineffectual to continue your day without checking for updates of news / friends online? * Has social networking sites made you become dispirited? Do you figure sexual websites? * Do you talk with stranger people online? Analysis afterward the focus groups were done, the information was analyzed and i was able to put unitedly the information to have a basic result. I can declare that each person had his/her own view, the information was not possible to evaluate and conduct on a percentage scale. The focus group study it showed that the males spend more time on social networking sites then men. They believe they do spend more time online which allows them to play ad enter many kind of websites.All participants b elieve online social networking is time consuming and has its negatives. several(prenominal) of the negatives stipulation about online social networking. Some positives were it has allowed a number of people to be curious to want to know more information, to learn more, to be able to communicate with people in diametrical countries and be entertained. source and recommendation Parents should limit total screen time for children older than 2 years to no more than 1 to 2 hours/day, and avoid screen time for children younger than 2 years.Also keep childrens bedrooms free of screen media and co-view media with their children and discuss the content.. Parents also need to avoid exposing young children to PG-13 and R-rated movies, given the prevalence of violent and sexual content in higher-rated film smooth the new evidence that movie scenes that depict drinking alcohol and smoking may be very influential in teenagers decisions to use alcohol and tobacco. In addition, parents can b e mindful of their own media practices, because studies have shown that the strongest forecaster of childrens heavy media use is parents heavy media use.Parental efforts to interpret, elaborate, and provide supplemental information on topics introduced by television have been found to be successful in countering negative or harmful content. In a recent study on exposure to sexual media content, adolescents who report that they discuss the content of what they see on television are less likely to engage in risky sexual activity. Moreover, Schools have not kept pace with modern media, especially in violence prevention, drug prevention, and sex education programs.With the amount of sexual suggestiveness currently displayed on television and in movies, schools no eternal have any excuse for not providing comprehensive school-based sex education programs for children and adolescents, including full discussions of contraception and discussions of how sex and sexuality are portrayed in t he media. Similarly, drug education programs must progress beyond scare tactic to incorporate principles of media education, teaching young people how to deconstruct alcohol and tobacco ads and, therefore, become more resilient.Conclusion During the past 50 years, thousands of research studies have revealed that the media can be a powerful teacher of children and adolescents and have a grievous impact on their health. To date, too little has been done by parents, health care practitioners, schools, the pleasure industry, or the government to protect children and adolescents from harmful media effects and to maximize the powerfully prosocial aspects of modern media. More research is needed, but ample data exist to warrant both concern and increased action.Digital MediaIntroduction You may have heard of digital media, but you may have no idea what it is and how it can help you out when it comes to marketing. Its definitely important that you get up to speed so you can use this to benefit your business. Basically digital media refers to any type of electronic media out there. Today media can be accessed in many ways, including with hand held devices like mobile phones, laptops, desktops, mp3 players, and more. Digital media must be stored in an electronic way, so there is a lot of digital content on the internet today, including text content, pictures, audio content, as well as video content.Through the history of internet, digital media has been developing in various ways. Heres well take a look at how it has affected the Internet and ways that it may be integrated moving forwards (Rogers 2006). One type of digital media is text this in fact represented the very first explosion ofthistype of contentout there on the Internet. When the Internet first got big, there was an explosion of content on the web, especially with all the text editors and word processing options out there today (Rogers 2006).Larger companies started to put date on computers instead of st oring it in cabinets, and the internet definitely allowed a great way to share, transfer, and store content as well. As the Internet grew, images began to appear. Instead of just text emails, soon people could send photos, and soon photo sites for sharing photos began to pop up. Then in the middle 1990s, audio began to become an important part of digital media with the mp3 files that could be easily used. Soon music and more was shared online with sites that allowed you to share audio.Last in the digital media development was video. YouTube definitely made video sharing a hugely popular form of modern media distribution and this is continuing to grow as we speak today. Now with new technology seen in things like the iPhone,this new form of virtual mediais available in handheld devices as well, and no doubtthis sectoris only going to continue to grow in the future (Rogers 2006). Now that you understand a bit more about the technology side, you may be wondering how it can help your bu siness.Well businesses are using digital media for marketing more and more today, realizing that there is a huge marketing field out there and thatit can help to draw in visitors and can even provide better search engine visibility with you. Text content can be kept updated on your site and helpful content is a great part of good marketing. Expertise in your field can really help your business and get traffic flowing into your business website. Photos, charts, diagrams, and models are always popular online and will help you to get more visibility as well.Audio allows you to use music on pages or to do podcasts for your business. Creating videos is a popular method of digital media marketing today, and videos do very well in search engines (Rogers 2006). With the popularity of digital media, it is definitely important that you continue to create and use it for good marketing and business results. Even if you have to hire someone to help out, the benefits will make it worth the money. So knowing about and using digital media is definitely important for your business success todayProblem statement Most people accept the idea that the media can influence people. But the degree of that influence, as well as who is most-impacted, when, how and why, have been the subjects of great debate among communication scholars for nearly a century. Media effects refers to the many ways individuals and society may be influenced by both news and entertainment mass media, including film, television, radio, newspapers, books, magazines, websites, video games, and music.To understand digital media effects, it is first critical to consider how media are used and for what purposes. Communication scholars have traditionally fallen into two camps functionalists, who believe the media audience tends to be in control and active, and critical/culturalists who believe the audience has less control and is therefore more passive. The balance may lie somewhere in the middle and may vary from country to country. Purpose of the study In this paper we are going to study and evaluate the digital media and its effect on children in general.The following text is a general idea Youth spend an average of 7 hours/day using media and the vast majority of them have access to a bedroom television, computer, the Internet, a video-game console, and a cell phone. In this paper we review the most recent research on the effects of media on the behavior and health and well-being of children and adolescents. Studies have shown that media can provide information about safe health practices and can foster social connectedness.However, recent evidence raises concerns about medias effects on aggression, sexual behavior, substance use, disordered eating, and academic difficulties. We provide recommendations for parents, practitioners, the media, and policy makers, among others, for ways to increase the benefits and reduce the harm that media can have for the developing child and for adolescent s. More than 50 years of media research attests to the significant influence of media on child and adolescent health.Both old media (television, movies, magazines) and new media (the Internet and social networking sites, video/computer games, cell phones) can have an impact on virtually every health concern that practitioners and parents have about young people, including aggressive behavior, risky sexual behavior, substance use, and disordered eating. Although the media are not the leading cause of any of these problems, the research reviewed here suggests that they are significant.Yet, despite the evidence of potential harm, there is also evidence that media can be beneficial for youth (eg, by increasing empathy and acceptance of diversity through modeling of prosocial behaviors and developing childrens early literacy skills through educational programming). Those concerned with child and adolescent health need to be aware of the research on the effects of modern media on youth. T heoretical framework Literature review Media affect youth not only by displacing time they spend doing homework or sleeping but also by influencing beliefs and behaviors.According to social learning theory, children and adolescents learn by observing and imitating what they see on the screen, particularly when these behaviors seem realistic or are rewarded. Cognitive development theory asserts that childrens cognitive capacities at different stages determine if and how they understand media content. For example, children younger than 8 years who are not yet able to comprehend persuasive intent will be more vulnerable to advertising.In addition, media present youth with common scripts for how to behave in unfamiliar situations such as romantic relationships. Finally, superpeer theory states that the media are like powerful best friends in sometimes making risky behaviors seem like normative behavior. With the variety of theories suggesting a potentially powerful effect of the media a nd the growing empirical evidence for negative impact, one might hypothesize that parents would take care to limit exposure to detrimental media content.However, the third-person effect (a well-documented phenomenon in the communications literature) shows that teenagers and adults think that the media influence everyone except themselves or their children Violence and Aggression By the age of 18, the average adolescent will have seen an estimated 200 000 acts of violence on television alone. Much of the violence on television and in movies is presented in a sanitized and glamorized fashion, and in childrens programming it often is presented as humorous.More than 10% of 10- to 14-year-olds saw 40 of the most violent movies in 2003. Both music videos and rap music have become increasingly violent. Interactive media can encourage antisocial beliefs and behavior in children and adolescents, particularly because violence in new media has been found to be prevalent as well. A recent analy sis of video games revealed that more than half of all games contain violence, including 90% rated as appropriate for children aged 10 years and older.Health professionals worry most about first-person shooter video games. In the upshot of the West Paducah, KY school shooting, it was discovered that the shooter had never fired a real gun in his life before that day, yet his marksmanship was both accurate and lethal. Researchers believe that repeated exposure to mediated violence can lead to anxiety and fear, acceptance of violence as an appropriate means of solving conflict, and desensitization, with resulting increases in aggression and decreases in altruism.In particular, the portrayal of justifiable violence that is common in American mediagood guys versus bad guysplaces children at risk because it is so powerfully reinforcing. The relationship between media violence and real-life aggression is nearly as strong as the impact of cigarette smoking on lung cancer not everyone who s mokes will get lung cancer, and not everyone who views media violence will become aggressive themselves. However, the connection is significant. The most problematic forms of media violence include attractive and unpunished perpetrators, no harm to victims, realism, and humor. SexResearchers investigating the impact of exposure to sexual content in media on adolescent sexual beliefs and early sexual initiation have found modest but significant associations, particularly in the realm of pornography. In a national sample of 1500 10- to 17-year-olds, nearly half of the Internet users had been exposed to on-line pornography in the previous year. In a sample of middle-school youth, exposure to sexually explicit (X-rated) content predicted perpetration of sexual harassment (for males), more permissive sexual norms, having oral sex, and engaging in sexual intercourse while in high school.Longitudinal studies now exist that have linked heavy exposure to sexual content in mainstream media wi th more rapid progression of sexual activity, earlier coital behavior, greater risk for and unplanned pregnancy, and sexually transmitted disease. One explanation for this relationship may lie in the role of the media as a superpeer that gives adolescent audiences a consistent message that sex is normative and risk free. In addition, media play an important role in providing sexual information to adolescents in the United States and in shaping their beliefs about how males and females behave in romantic relationships.Television shows geared toward teenagers actually have more sexual content than adult-oriented shows, yet there is little mention of the need for contraception or for responsibility. Virtually every Western country makes birth control available to adolescents, including allowing birth control advertisements in the media, but the major US television networks balk at airing ads for contraception. This flies in the face of the fact that a substantial body of evidence shows that giving teenagers access to condoms does not lead to earlier sexual activity.Parents and child advocates often express concern over children connecting with strangers on-line. Although there have been disturbing cases of Internet sexual predatory activity by adults on children, most recent studies of Internet safety have suggested that sexual solicitation of minors is more likely to occur by other minors. Social networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook enable adolescents to present themselves publicly, sometimes in very sexually suggestive ways however, adult on-line predators are not using social networking sites to find or entice their victims.One national survey of sexing with cell phones, conducted with 13- to 19-year-olds, revealed that 20% had sent and 48% had received sexual messages. However, social networking sites can also be used prosocially for safer-sex campaigns, for example. Substance Use In the United States, more than $22 billion is spent marketing and adv ertising drugs ($13 billion on tobacco, $5 billion on alcohol, and $4 billion on prescription drugs), and many research studies have shown that it has a significant impact on adolescent use.Children and teenagers can also see considerable alcohol and drug content in on-line videos. Recent studies of social networking sites have found that substance abuse is referenced in 40% of the profiles. Portrayals of tobacco are also prevalent in the movies ? 70% of movies made in the United States today contains smoking, and smoking is rarely associated with negative health outcomes. Longitudinal prospective studies have revealed that exposure to movie smoking at baseline (grades 58) predicts smoking initiation 1 to 8 years later.Experimental research has helped illuminate why exposure to movie characters smoking is associated with smoking initiation viewers who identify with the storyline and the characters are more likely to increase their intention to smoke. Obesity and Eating Disorders Num erous American and international longitudinal studies (one of them as long as 26 years in duration) have shown that media use is contributing to the current epidemic of obesity worldwide. However, the mechanism for why heavy television-viewing, in particular, is predictive of childrens weight status is unclear. Food marketing may be 1 culprit.Children and teenagers see 44007600 ads per year for junk food and fast food on television alone. Randomized, controlled experiments have provided evidence that exposure to junk food advertising has an impact on childrens food beliefs and preferences. The Internet now presents a new concern. As the Kaiser Foundation noted, There is a vast amount of food related content online, with the potential to significantly expand and deepen childrens exposure to food marketing messages. Apart from the influence of advertising, eating while viewing may lead to greater food consumption.College-aged students showed significantly greater consumption of food w hen subjects were watching television versus listening to classical music. The investigators hypothesized that satiety cues are suppressed in viewing conditions. Although the evidence that television-viewing displaces physical activity is equivocal, researchers are now examining whether heavy media use, particularly at nighttime, displaces sleep. Children who do not get enough sleep are more likely to engage in sedentary behaviors (such as television-viewing) and less likely to engage in physical activity.The media play a crucial role in the formation of body self-image and may be responsible for creating unrealistic expectations and body dissatisfaction. Females who are regular readers of fashion and beauty magazines in early adolescence are more likely to suffer from a distorted body image during their teenaged years. A natural field experiment in Fiji revealed that the prevalence of eating disorders increased dramatically after the introduction of American television programs, wh ich show excessively thin female lead characters.On the Internet, there are now 100 proanorexia Web sites that not only encourage disordered eating but offer specific advice on purging, severely restricting caloric intake, and exercising excessively. School Performance and Learning Problems The possibility of a connection between television-viewing and ADD or other learning disabilities is currently an issue of great controversy. An initial study in 2004 revealed an association between daily hours of television-viewing at the ages of 1 to 2 years and subsequent attentional problems at the age of 7.However, a more recent study in which 59 children with ADD and 106 comparison children were examined actually revealed that the latter had more impairment in their cognitive processes after viewing television than the former. At least 4 studies have shown an impact on academic performance, especially if there is a television set in the childs or teenagers bedroom. Other Health Effects Heav y television-viewing has also been associated with hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, an increased prevalence of asthma, sleep disorders, mood disorders, psychological distress, and depression.These were largely correlational studies and, therefore, did not necessarily show cause and effect. Prosocial Effects Despite the negative effects listed above, the media can be powerfully prosocial and educational. Children and teenagers can learn antiviolence attitudes, empathy, tolerance toward people of other races and ethnicities, and respect for their elders. Video games can be beneficial as well, including improving compliance with chemotherapy regimens in adolescents with cancer.Important and useful public messages can be successfully embedded into primetime television shows that are popular with adolescents. In an episode of the television program Friends, for example, Rachel tells her boyfriend Ross that she is pregnant although they had used a condom. A national telephone survey co nducted with Friends viewers after the episode aired found that adolescents learned that condoms are not fool-proof and were more likely to discuss contraception with their parents.Similarly, a recent episode of Grays Anatomy was effective in teaching viewers about HIV and pregnancy. Research into the impact of digital media on relationship formation and maintenance has revealed that on-line communication and on-line self-disclosure can stimulate adolescents social connectedness and, thereby, their well-being. However, the benefits of socializing on-line are not equal for every child or adolescent. The positive Internet effect holds only when adolescents predominantly talk with their existing friends.Communication technologies that are most often used to communicate with strangers (eg, chat in a public chat room) or more solitary forms of Internet use (such as surfing the Web) have negative effects on social connectedness. TRADITIONAL MEDIA AND NEW MEDIA Children and adolescents spe nd more time with media than they do in any other activity except for sleepingan average of 7 hours/day. Childrens bedrooms are replete with media technology by 2005, two thirds had a television set, one half had a VCR or DVD player or video-game console, and nearly one third had Internet access or a computer.Media impact is increased significantly with the presence of a bedroom television viewing increases 1 to 2 hours/day, risk of overweight increases by 31%, and the likelihood of smoking doubles. When a television is in the bedroom, parents are less able to monitor viewing habits , children participate in fewer activities such as reading and hobbies, and sleep is shortened Field Observation Focus group One of the aims of my research paper was to understand what children feel about the way they are affected by the Digital media. To do this i used one of our qualitative methods focus group.A focus group is a method that is used by researchers to find out what peoples opinions and views are. During a focus group the researcher(s) will ask questions to stimulate discussion within the group, while taking note of what people are saying about particular issues. The focus group were conducted in Notre dame college-lwaize in total, 10 young people (5 males and 5 females) took part, who were all aged between 9 12year. Question asked during the focus group * Do Digital media take a lot of your time? * Do you feel lost when you are not connected? Do you go online to check for new updates? * Do you feel you always have to go online to learn/view information? * Do you forget to eat when you are connected? * Do you use online social networking to retrieve any type of information? * Does spending time on social networking affects on your grades in a negative way? * Do you think you can stop yourself from always connecting online? * Are you unable to continue your day without checking for updates of news / friends online? * Has social networking sites made you become depr essed? Do you enter sexual websites? * Do you talk with stranger people online? Analysis After the focus groups were done, the information was analyzed and i was able to put together the information to have a basic result. I can say that each person had his/her own view, the information was not possible to evaluate and conduct on a percentage scale. The focus group study it showed that the males spend more time on social networking sites then men. They believe they do spend more time online which allows them to play ad enter many kind of websites.All participants believe online social networking is time consuming and has its negatives. Some of the negatives given about online social networking. Some positives were it has allowed a number of people to be curious to want to know more information, to learn more, to be able to communicate with people in different countries and be entertained. Solution and recommendation Parents should limit total screen time for children older than 2 ye ars to no more than 1 to 2 hours/day, and avoid screen time for children younger than 2 years.Also keep childrens bedrooms free of screen media and co-view media with their children and discuss the content.. Parents also need to avoid exposing young children to PG-13 and R-rated movies, given the prevalence of violent and sexual content in higher-rated film sand the new evidence that movie scenes that depict drinking alcohol and smoking may be very influential in teenagers decisions to use alcohol and tobacco. In addition, parents can be mindful of their own media practices, because studies have shown that the strongest predictor of childrens heavy media use is parents heavy media use.Parental efforts to interpret, elaborate, and provide supplemental information on topics introduced by television have been found to be successful in countering negative or harmful content. In a recent study on exposure to sexual media content, adolescents who report that they discuss the content of wh at they see on television are less likely to engage in risky sexual activity. Moreover, Schools have not kept pace with modern media, especially in violence prevention, drug prevention, and sex education programs.With the amount of sexual suggestiveness currently displayed on television and in movies, schools no longer have any excuse for not providing comprehensive school-based sex education programs for children and adolescents, including full discussions of contraception and discussions of how sex and sexuality are portrayed in the media. Similarly, drug education programs must progress beyond scare tactics to incorporate principles of media education, teaching young people how to deconstruct alcohol and tobacco ads and, therefore, become more resilient.Conclusion During the past 50 years, thousands of research studies have revealed that the media can be a powerful teacher of children and adolescents and have a profound impact on their health. To date, too little has been done by parents, health care practitioners, schools, the entertainment industry, or the government to protect children and adolescents from harmful media effects and to maximize the powerfully prosocial aspects of modern media. More research is needed, but sufficient data exist to warrant both concern and increased action.

Managerial communication

Interpersonal skills. An example of a barrier to effective listening is heedlessness. This is a barrier because at that place is more concentration on the speakers delivery so iodinr than on the message. Background noises also play a part to inattentiveness as it is distracting. For instance when I was working as a hold off at a restaurant I served a large family, which set a large fix up of 3 different pasta dishes, wizard with cheese and the rest without, and 6 pizzas with different toppings and sizes and one with no mushroom cloud ND another with extra olives.Due to my inattentiveness, I failed to place the correct order to the kitchen. Instead I gave them 3 pasta dishes all with cheese and one pizza with extra mushrooms and the other with no olives. In the future I could improve my listening skills paying full attention to what is being tell and also by double checking the order with the recipients in order for certainty. mad intelligence is a persons ability to recogniz e and use emotions.It Is a excogitation that helps to understand human communication. It can also be described as relevant to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion In oneself-importance and In others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of touch modality to motivate, plan, and achieve In ones life (Salvoes & Mayer,1990). Leary et al describe emotional give-and-take as a precise awareness of emotion In self and others, an absorption of emotion to ease thought and an understanding of emotion.For Instance there was a time where I failed to reflect emotional Intelligence when my get leader approached me about complaints that were do about my behavior and attitude. The confrontation made me defensive which made me react by attacking other company members and ask for clarification.

Three major Sociology theories

There are trinity major sociology theories kn make as functionalism, impinge theory, and interactionist perspective. Symbolic interactionism is the use of symbols and is opposite interaction. Functionalism has to do with relationships between the parts of society and how the aspects of society are adaptive. The last, conflict theory is the competition of scarce resources and how the elite control the poor and week. The symbolic interactionist perspective which is known as symbolic interactionism directs sociologist to consider the symbols and details of normal life, what these symbols mean, and how mint interact with each other(1).George H. Mead Introduced this perspective to American sociology in the 1920s. check to this theory people attach meaning to symbols. An example of symbols are married couple bands, vows of life-long commitment, a white bridal dress, a wedding cake, a church ceremony, and flowers and music. These are exclusively examples of symbols explain in the theory. Symbolic interactionist may lam the larger issue of society by focusing too near on the trees. An example would be focusing too strongly on the size of the diamond in the wedding ring rather than the forest, which would be the quality of marriage.The functionalist perspective, known as functionalism, is when each aspect of society is dependent and contributes to societys functioning as a whole. This was brought to sociology by Emile Durkheim. The government, or state, provides the education for the children in the family, which in turn pays taxes on which the state depends to stay on itself running. Functionalists swear that society is held together by social consensus, or cohesion, in which members of the society agree upon, and work together to achieve, what is best for society as a whole.Durkheim suggested that social consensus takes two different forms, mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity. mechanical solidarity is a form of social cohesion that arises whe n people in a society maintain same values and beliefs and get in similar types of work. Organic solidarity is a form of social cohesion that arises when the people in a society are interdependent, but hold to carrying values and beliefs and engage in varying types of work.Karl Marx was the originated the conflict perspective, which focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing constitution of society. foreign functionalists who defend the status quo, encourage social change, and believe rich and fibrous people force social order on the poor and the weak. battle theorists find social conflict between and groups in which the potential for discrimination exists racial, gender, religious, political, economic, and so on.This constant competition between groups forms the basis for the ever-changing nature of society. I agree most with interactionist perspective because it fits me and what I believe. I believe at looking at the big picture not little(a) stuff in the way. It is important to concentrate on the bigger picture. They are all good theories and each are made for different people Im sure people agree and disagree with all the theories but that doesnt mean they arent good in their own way.

Persuasive: Times Roman and Personal Music Players

Graded grant Responding to a Persuasive set off Type your name, the date, your instructors name, and your instruct name at the top of this page. Type or paste your indite into this document. Be sure that your draft is double-spaced and in 12 point, quantify New Roman font. Save the file as BWL_S1_06. 05_Critical Skills Practice_FirstInitial_LastName. doc. Example BWL_S1_06. 5_Critical Skills Practice_M_Smith. doc (50 points) Read the prompt below. Consider your position on the issue. Then do to the prompt with a well-developed multiparagraph essay. You render 30 transactions to complete this date. Your assignment will be graded based on the Persuasive Prompt Grading Rubric. The rubric can be found in your building block Resources. Prompt Many teens and young adults brook individual(prenominal) music players, much(prenominal) as MP3s, that allow them to take their favorite music with them wherever they go.Such devices call for earbuds, and users can often be seen with a t least one earbud severely in place, listening to music as they go ab forbidden their routine business. Some critics of these music players, however, argue that users tend to be isolated in the creation of their music. Users, these critics say, do not really pay attention to what is going a style on around them and they behave rudely when they carry on conversations with others enchantment wearing at least one earbud. Assignment Do personal music players such as MP3s isolate their users and hamper social fundamental interaction?Should such devices be set aside in some situations to abet social interaction and even safety? Plan and write a response in which you state your position and persuade readers to agree with you. supporting your opinions with reasons and examples. Type your draft here. Have you ever thought about how mayhap that iPod you have in your hands could be keeping you distracted from the world you live in? Well in fact I rely thats exactly what it does. With a ll of these advancements in technology, especially in the apple industry we have the newest, smartest, and fastest technology on the market in our hands.We can surf the web from anywhere, listen to music, take pictures, txt, call, and the list goes on and on. With all of this power in our hands it distracts us from our occasional heart. We have become so caught up in these gadgets that it isolates us. I believe that by means of the use of our iPods, mp3 players, or our phones, it hampers our social interaction. We become so caught up in the life we live through our phones that we miss out on the life that is happening right in seem of our eyes. I am illegal of doing this. Just the other day I was at the mall academic session there listening to music and using my iPod.I would look up from my iPod every few minutes and notice how so much had changed and I didnt even live on it. There was nobody around me when I firstborn sat down but after a few minutes I looked up to notice people all around me and I had no idea they were there. I was so caught up in my iPod that I missed out on what was happening right in front of me. It goes to show just how distracting and consuming this technology can be. I actually believe that sometimes we just need to learn to set some(prenominal) our source of technology is to the side and just be social.For example, while you atomic number 18 sitting in class at school and you have a teacher that allows you to text in class it would be more full for you to pay attention to what the teacher is saying rather than texting on your phone. It is way too distracting for you and the people around you you miss out on what the teacher is saying and it affects you in the long run. Also, when the test rolls around, it would be nice to know the material, and if you were too busy on your phone, you would have no idea. It is clear that sometimes we need to learn to set aside our technology from distracting us.This is because what is goin g on in front of us is way more important. IPods, phones, mp3 players, etc. argon all amazing devices and I am blessed to be able to own one. However, with all of this power in our hands it distracts us from our daily life. We just need to learn how to evaluate whether or not it is catch at the time to use them. It is not worth missing out on your life. So set the phone aside and enjoy what you have been missing out on all along. Your Score ___ of 50